Synaesthesia

Note: there is also an industrial music band called Synæsthesia.

Synaesthesia (also spelled synesthesia); from the Greek (syn-) “union”, and (aesthesis) “sensation”; is the neurological mixing of the senses. A synaesthete may, for example, hear colors, see sounds, and taste tactile sensations. Although this may happen in a person who has autism, it is by no means exclusive to autists. Synaesthesia is a common effect of some hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD or mescaline.

Synaesthetes often experience correspondences between the shades of color, tones of sounds, and intensities of tastes that provoke alternate sensations. For instance, a synaesthete may see a more intense red as the pitch of a sound gets higher, or a smoother surface might make one taste a sweeter taste. These experiences are not metaphorical or merely associations; rather, they are involuntary and are consistent throughout life, although some young synaesthetes seem to lose their ability by or during adulthood. Depressant drugs tend to increase the depth of the perception.

Synaesthesia can even occur when one of the senses no longer functions properly, e.g., a person who can see colours when words are spoken can still see the colours if he becomes blind in later life.

Two of the most common forms of synaesthesia are seeing sound or seeing letters and numbers in color.

Richard Cytowic wrote a pop-psych book about this condition entitled The Man Who Tasted Shapes.

Some researchers and theorists have suggested that synaesthesia may have played a part in early humans' development of writing and written literacies.

Alternate spellings exist (synaesthesis), and many of those who experience the phenomenon identify as "synaesthetes".

Synaesthesia in art

Synaesthesia is an often-used poetic device. In a familiar example, Andrew Marvell characterized the fruitful and serene atmosphere of the garden as

Annihilating all that's made

To a green thought in a green shade"

( —"The Garden")

Likewise, Nick Carraway, the narrator of F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, recounts "yellow cocktail music" playing at one of Gatsby's parties.

Synaesthesia as a drug effect played a role in the popular song "Lake Shore Drive" by Aliotta, Haynes, and Jeremiah:

Sometimes you can smell the green

When your mind is feeling fine

( —Aliotta, Haynes and Jeremiah)

Synaesthesia has influenced many artists in various fields, including poets Charles-Pierre Baudelaire and Arthur Rimbaud (specifically his poem Voyelles), and an ersatz synaesthesia has sometimes been overused since as a shortcut to "modernity."

Composer Alexander Scriabin, in his orchestral work, Prometheus: The Poem of Fire (1910), included a part for a "clavier à lumières". This instrument was played like the piano, but produced colored light instead of sound. Scriabin did not experience the physiological condition of synaesthesia. The color system he described and which he used in pieces such as Prometheus, unlike most systems and synaesthetic experience, lines up with the circle of fifths, indicating that it was a thought-out system; it was also influenced by his theosophic readings and based on Sir Isaac Newton's Optics. Many other artists have used fabricated synesthetic systems, such as the Italian futurist Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and the Russian abstract-painting pioneer Wassily Kandinsky.

Amy Beach was a synesthete, seeing different colors for different keys, as well as possessing absolute pitch. Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov was reputed to be a synesthete. Olivier Messiaen was a true synesthete; he discussed his condition to a great extent in his writings, going so far as to describe in detail the exact colorations evoked by particular chords. Contemporary postminimal composer Michael Torke is a synesthete who perceives colors for various time units. French drummer Manu Katché and world-renowned oboist Jennifer Paull are both synesthetes, Katche seeing various images with music, and Paull seeing an expanded unexplainable spectrum to various sounds, the sensation of the oboe compelling her to take it up.

Franz Liszt, when conducting, confused the musicians by describing timbres or sonorities in chromatic terms.^{[1] (http://home.comcast.net/~sean.day/syn-composers.htm)} Ludwig van Beethoven considered B minor to be "the black key," and Franz Schubert viewed E minor as like "a maiden robed in white and with a rose-red bow on her breast."^{[2] (http://www.synsation.org/episodesFull1.html)} In such cases of long-dead people, it is difficult to tell whether they were describing their synesthesia or using figures of speech such as those from Marvell and Fitzgerald above.

In his autobiography, writer Vladimir Nabokov described his synaesthetic experiences. The American physicist Richard Feynman admitted to seeing the algebraic symbols of Bessel functions in colour.

Electronic music artist Richard D. James (better known as Aphex Twin) is said to be a synaesthete, as is Stephen Hargreaves, whose Children of Laudanum titled their first LP Synestheia.

As digital entertainment becomes more developed, the possibility of synaesthesia through technology has begun to be considered. Several video games already use the term in their advertising, most notably the 2001 Dreamcast/PlayStation 2 game REZ (which does have some elements of synaesthesia in its gameplay, notably the interaction of controller vibration, music, player interaction and graphics).

Clinical Description

Synaesthesia is a rare but real phenomenon: there are indeed people who see colors when they hear or read letters and numbers (the most common form), and people who "taste" and feel sounds, colors, and so forth. Synaesthesia affects as many as one in 2,000 people.^{[3] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4375977.stm)} Synaesthetes have been studied by neurologist V. S. Ramachandran at U.C. San Diego, who remarked that "processes similar to synaesthesia might also underlie our general capacity for metaphor and be critical to creativity."^{[4] (http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=0003014B-9D06-1E8F-8EA5809EC5880000)[5] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4375977.stm)} Ramachandran has said it is "not an accident" that the phenomenon is noted eight times more frequently in writers and artists than in the typical population, and is more common in creative people.^{[6] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4375977.stm)} Synaesthesia often runs in families. About one-third of synaesthetes report another family member with similar abilities.^{[7] (http://www.synaesthesia.uwaterloo.ca/genetics.htm)}

In synaesthesia's most common form (Grapheme-color synaenesthesia), individual letters of the alphabet, as well as numbers, are "shaded" or "tinged" with a color.^{[8] (http://www.synaesthesia.uwaterloo.ca/)} The alphabet color pattern is different for every individual. Many synaesthetes report that they were unaware their abilities were special or unusual until they realized other people didn't have them. Writer (and synaesthete) Patricia Lynne Duffy remembers the experience: "'one day,' I said to my father, 'I realized that to make an 'R' all I had to do was first write a 'P' and then draw a line down from its loop. And I was so surprised that I could turn a yellow letter into an orange letter just by adding a line.'"^{[9] (http://www.bluecatsandchartreusekittens.com/Blue_Cats_and_Chartreuse_Kittens_Ex.html)}

From another grapheme-color synesthete: "I often associate letters and numbers with colors. Every digit and every letter has a color associated with it in my head. Sometimes, when letters are written boldly on a piece of paper, they will briefly appear to be that color if I'm not focusing on it. Some examples: "S" is red, "H" is orange, "C" is yellow, "J" is yellow-green, "G" is green, "E" is blue, "X" is purple, "I" is pale yellow, "2" is tan, "1" is white. If I write SHCJGEX it registers as a rainbow when I read over it, as does ABCPDEF." (From a slashdot discussion (http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=140022&threshold=-1&commentsort=0&tid=99&mode=nested&pid=11725481))

Another account: "I have synesthesia, and as a child I thought it was normal until I realized other people didn't see numbers and letters as colours. I believe synesthesia can link any kind of sensory input to abstract forms like letters and numbers, but in my case (and in most), it's simple colours. This makes it easy for me to remember trivial information like phone numbers, account numbers, historical dates, and pi (3.141592653589 is how far I remember without looking it up). Every string of numbers and letters forms a composite colour based on those of its individual characters. I've studied Japanese for a few years and now find that Japanese syllable characters also have colours for me now. I imagine that with extreme synesthesia, a person might understand abstract notions like numbers and math in a completely different way. I remember once showing my sister two Smarties (they're like M&Ms) and telling her they were "3" and "6" instead of yellow and green. It took me a moment to realize why she didn't understand." (From a slashdot discussion (http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=140022&threshold=-1&commentsort=0&tid=99&mode=nested&pid=11725481))

Research indicates that, while few grapheme-color synaesthetes perceive the color associations of the alphabet in exactly the same way, the distribution of patterns and colors shows striking trends and similarities.^{[10] (http://web.mit.edu/synesthesia/www/trends.html)} Although grapheme-color synaesthetes have the highest rate of incidence, there are (according to one researcher) 40 distinct types of synaesthesia,^{[11] (http://www.synesthesia.info/abstracts.html)} including varieties affecting the sense of taste, smell, music, and touch.^{[12] (http://www.sciencefriday.com/pages/2000/Jul/hour2_072800.html)}

See also

• aura
• cognitive neuroscience
• mind's eye
• perception

External links

• People who feel color gets scientific acceptance (http://livescience.com/humanbiology/050222_synesthesia.html)
• Synesthesia research project in Waterloo, Ontario (volunteer synaesthetes needed) (http://www.synaesthesia.uwaterloo.ca/home.htm)
• [13] (http://www.colortronic.tk) Colortronic is an electronic music project from Brazil which blends color and music.
• [14] (http://synaesthesia.fws1.com) A highly synaesthetic person's experience including letters having colour and texture, and digits having colour and personality.
• [15] (http://www.geocities.com/dachshundweaver/syn.html) A girl's Geocities page about her gustatory, or word-tasting, synesthesia.
• [16] (http://home-1.tiscali.nl/~cretien/pub/syneng.htm) Crétien van Campen, 'Artistic and psychological experiments with synesthesia' gives the historical background.
• [17] (http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/v2/psyche-2-10-cytowic.html) Richard Cytowic, 'Synesthesia: phenomenology and neuropsychology' emphasizes the involuntary nature of the cross-modal perceptions and 'distinguishes it from metaphor, literary tropes, sound symbolism, and deliberate artistic contrivances that sometimes employ the term "synaesthesia" to describe their multisensory joinings.'
• [18] (http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/v3/psyche-3-06-vancampen.html) Crétien van Campen, 'Synesthesia and artistic experimentation' comments on Cytowic, adducing the examples of Scriabin's and Kandinsky's experiments as relevant for the study of synesthesia.
• [19] (http://www.doctorhugo.org/synaesthesia/index.htm) Synaesthesia and the Arts - Dr. Hugo Heyrman 'Museums of the Mind'. Research and theory on the future of the senses. Homepage of the Belgian Synesthesia Association. (http://www.doctorhugo.org/synaesthesia/index.htm)
• Synaesthesia and Education: (http://www.educ.cam.ac.uk/synaesthesia) a research project at the University of Cambridge investigating the effects of grapheme-colour synaesthesia on numerical processing in children.
• Scientific American article Hearing Colors, Tasting Shapes (http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=0003014B-9D06-1E8F-8EA5809EC5880000) by Vilayanur S. Ramachandran and Edward M. Hubbard, May 2003.
• A Brief History of Synaesthesia and Music (http://www.thereminvox.com/story/28/)
• A Mango-Shaped Space, a novel about a 13-year-old with synesthesia by Wendy Mass (http://www.wendymass.com/)
• Synaesthesia - union of the senses (http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2003/2/21/144256/437) (from Kuro5hin)
• Blue Cats and Chartreuse Kittens (http://www.bluecatsandchartreusekittens.com/) by Patricia Lynne Duffy
• American Synesthesia Association (http://www.synesthesia.info/)
• CNN article on tasting musical tones (http://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/03/03/taste.sounds.reut/index.html)
• Why some see colours in numbers (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4375977.stm) at BBC News, 24 March, 2005
• Artificial synesthesia (for the blind) (http://www.seeingwithsound.com/asynesth.htm)de:Synästhesie

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