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- Cleopatra VII of Egypt (8634 bytes)
4: ...u;ρα θεά φιλοπάτωρ, [[December]...
6: ...ncient Egypt's rulers, and is usually known as simply '''Cleopatra''', all of her similarly-named pred...
21: ...of the lavish dinners she shared with Antony, she playfully bet him that she could spend ten million [...
35: *[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Egypt/_Texts/BEVHOP/13*.html Cleopatra... - Calligraphy (20084 bytes)
1: ...0px|Calligraphy in a Latin Bible of AD 1407 on display in Malmesbury Abbey, Wiltshire, England. The Bi...
2: ...m [[Greek language|Greek]] καλλος ''kallos'' "beauty" + γ&r...
4: ... more general terms, called [[palaeography]]. Examples of ancient Roman [[graffiti]] are of interest t...
14: ...ide, hiragana and katakana were developed from simplified cursive versions of characters. In the hands...
54: ...ters have been affected by seal carving, since simplification of characters has often been practiced. - Greek language (35285 bytes)
25: ... historical stages of the Greek language that are placed prior to the creation of the [[Greek alphabet...
36: ...Italian]] is to [[Latin language|Latin]], for example. It is claimed that an "educated" speaker of the...
44: Greek is spoken by about 12 million people mainly in [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]] but also in ...
52: ... reflects features of the older language. The examples below are intended to represent Attic Greek in ...
164: | [[plosive consonant|'''Plosive''']] - Ptolemy (10609 bytes)
5: ...]''' (in Greek ''Η μεγάλη Σύνταξι&sig...
7: ...ers and navigators, until the time of the great explorations. They were also adopted in the Arab world...
11: ...grand scheme. He assigned coordinates to all the places and geographic features he knew, in a grid th...
13: ...:Ptolemys_system.jpg|thumb|300px|Ptolemy System Explained. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart....
16: ...300, after the text was rediscovered by [[Maximus Planudes]]. - Nile (13738 bytes)
8: ...mes from the word ''Neilos'' (Νειλος), a Greek name for the Nile. A...
12: ...e lengths of rivers vary over time (especially in plains, where rivers often change course), and, seco...
30: ...ummer, when the great rains fall on the Ethiopian Plateau; the rest of the year the great rivers drain...
42: ...nean Sea]]; a side channel, the [[Bahr Yussef]], splits from the main channel downriver from the city ...
50: ...James Augustus Grant]] in 1860-1863 for further explorations around Lake Victoria and traced the Nile ... - Geology (12007 bytes)
1: ...Greek]] γη- (''ge-'', "the earth") and λογος (''logos'', "wo...
3: ... processes that are collectively referred to as [[plate tectonics]]. Geologists help locate and manage...
5: ...tudies of the [[Moon]]), ''areology'' (of [[Mars (planet)|Mars]]), etc., are also in use.
20: ...[Royal Society of Edinburgh]]. In his paper, he explained his theory that the Earth must be much older...
22: Followers of Hutton were known as ''[[Plutonism |Plutonists]]'' because they believed that some rocks... - Papyrus (5819 bytes)
2: ...f [[paper]] made from the [[pith]] of the papyrus plant, ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'', a wetland [[Cyperace...
5: ...t used as a foodstuff and ''bublos'' for the same plant when used for non-food products, such as corda...
10: ...n strips of about 40 cm long. The strips are then placed side by side on a hard surface, with their ed...
13: ...l required, a number of such sheets were united, placed so that all the horizontal fibres parallel wi...
15: ...are still being found in Egypt; extraordinary examples include the [[Elephantine papyri]] and the famo... - Thebes, Egypt (3900 bytes)
2: ...city as well.) In modern usage, the [[mortuary temple]]s and [[tomb]]s of the west bank are generally ...
4: ...ndered Διοσπολις ''Diospolis'', "City of Zeus" ([[Z...
6: ...st-select of Places"), one of the names of the temple of [[Karnak]], which is located in the city.
8: ...situated at or near the sites of two important temples that stood on the outskirts of the city.
12: *[[Karnak|Karnak Temple]] - Alexander the Great (42049 bytes)
4: ...lytonic|Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρο&sigma...
6: ...s lifetime, and especially after his death, his exploits inspired a literary tradition in which he app...
9: ...eeping in the company of snakes, but by [[Zeus]]. Plutarch (''Alexander'' 2.2-3) relates that both Phi...
11: ...er was [[Zeus]], rather than Philip. According to Plutarch (''Alexander'' 2.1), his father descended f...
14: ...omannus]], the recently crowned King of Persia. [[Plutarch]] mentions an irate letter from Alexander t... - Aristotle (37648 bytes)
3: ...Alpha;ριστοτέλης
4: ...n [[ancient Greek]] [[philosopher]]. Along with [[Plato]], he is often considered to be one of the two...
8: ...gh Plato and a few other writers. The writings of Plato and Aristotle form the core of [[Ancient philo...
10: ...ge has ethical as well as scientific importance. Plato can be called, with qualification, an [[ideali...
12: Aristotle, by contrast, placed much more value on knowledge gained from the ... - List of computing topics (15876 bytes)
2: ...' [[List of programmers]], [[List of computing people]], [[List of computer scientists]], [[computer s...
19: [[16-bit application]] --
34: [[32-bit application]] --
75: [[8514 (display standard)]] --
107: [[APL programming language]] -- - Electricity (13894 bytes)
1: ...le]]s (e.g. [[electron]]s / [[proton]]s) which couples to [[electromagnetic fields]] and causes attrac...
3: ...e [[quantity of electricity]] or charge. For example, "''Q'' = 0.5 C" means "the quantity of electric...
8: ...s believed by some to have been used for [[electroplating]]. There is no firm documentary evidence to ...
10: ...the modern Latin word ''electricus'' from ''ηλεκτρον'' (''elek...
22: ...and other effects (some have been duplicated or explained; and others which have not). Nikola Tesla, i... - Pinhole camera (6994 bytes)
4: ...a obscura]]), or can expose film or a [[charge coupled device]] (CCD). Pinhole cameras with CCDs are ...
8: ...d [[circle of confusion]] is smaller at the image plane. An extremely small hole, however, can produce...
17: <math>d=1.9\sqrt{f.\lambda}</math>
19: ...stance from hole to photographic film) and <math>\lambda</math> is the wavelength of light.
23: ... the distance from the [[aperture]] to the [[film plane]], the infinite depth of field means everythin... - Constantinople (4125 bytes)
1: ...anbul]] in today's [[Turkey]]. Today, Constantinople is the area between the [[Golden Horn]] and the ...
3: ...lorin]], is synonomous with Byzantium (Constantinople), where most gold coins circulating in Europe ca...
5: ...r provinces to the east in Asia beyond Constantinople, allowing the east to develop relatively unmoles...
7: Constantinople was captured and sacked by the [[Fourth Crusade]...
9: ..., the capital was moved to [[Ankara]]; Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in [[1930]]. - Chlorine (10751 bytes)
18: {{Elementbox_oxistates | ±'''1''', 3, 5, 7 <br />(strongly [[acid]]ic o...
46: == Applications ==
50: ...plies and [[swimming pool]]s. Even small water supplies are now routinely chlorinated.
51: ...od, [[insecticide]]s, paints, petroleum products, plastics, medicines, textiles, solvents, and many ot...
58: Chlorine ([[Greek language|Gr.]] χλωρος, greenish yellow) w... - Helium (36603 bytes)
9: ...mage-BIG.png|250px|click for larger version and explanation]]<br><div align="right"><small>[[Periodic ...
108: ...[[United States]], which is by far the largest supplier of the gas. Helium is used in [[cryogenics]], ...
111: ===Gas and plasma phases===
114: ...on bombardment or is otherwise a [[Plasma physics|plasma]]. HeNe, HgHe<sub>10</sub>, WHe<sub>2</sub> ...
117: ...invisible [[solid]] is highly [[compressible]]; applying pressure in the laboratory can decrease its v... - Selenium (9236 bytes)
53: | ±2,'''4''',6 (strong [[acid]])
186: == Applications ==
189: ...ization|vulcanized]] [[rubber]]s. It also finds application in photocopying.
194: ...lenium ([[Greek language|Greek]] σελήνη ''selene'' meaning "Moon") was di...
196: ...um (usually with [[bismuth]]) as an additive to [[plumbing]] [[brass]]es to meet no-lead environmental... - Aegean Sea (2751 bytes)
3: ...iota;γαίον Πέλαγος''', ''Aigaion Pel...
5: In ancient times there were various explanations for the name "Aegean." It was said to hav...
7: In ancient times the sea was the birthplace of two ancient civilizations - the [[Minoan ci...
9: ... The larger islands have some fertile valleys and plains. There are two islands of considerable size b... - Molar (tooth) (1877 bytes)
3: '''Molars''' are the rearmost and most complicated kind of [[tooth]] in most [[mammal]]s. In m...
4: ...his kind is found in [[insectivore]]s and young [[platypus]]es (adults have no teeth). Upper molars lo...
8: ... ridges that meet at an angle, forming the letter lambda.
9: ...mbdodont''': Like zalambdodont, but there are two lambdas on one tooth. - Hipparchus (astronomer) (50785 bytes)
8: ...("Geography"), and from [[Pliny the Elder]]'s ''[[Pliny's Natural History|Naturalis historia]]'' ("Nat...
14: ... but it is not known if and when he visited these places.
22: ...o [[Aristarchus]] of [[Samos]]. Some put in this place also Ptolemy of Alexandria. Hipparchus writin...
34: ...that the Chaldeans routinely made. Preserved examples date from [[652 BC]] to [[130|AD 130]], but pro...
45: ...arly various relations between the periods of the planets were known. The relations that Ptolemy attr...
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