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- Steel (28384 bytes)
5: ...n-based alloys that can be [[plasticity (physics)|plastically]] formed (pounded, rolled, etc.).
8:
15: ... to ferrite or perlite does not have time to take place. The transformation into martensite, by contr...
23: ...dification process, and to produce shapes such as plate, sheet, wire, etc. It is then heat-treated to...
26: ...recovered from meteorite falls allowed ancient peoples to manufacture small numbers of iron artifacts. - Melisende of Jerusalem (16880 bytes)
11: ...f fiefdoms and other forms of patronage, and in diplomatic correspondence. Baldwin raised his daughter...
13: ...ternal grandfather of [[Henry II of England|Henry Plantagent]] (Fulk's son of previous marriage, [[Geo...
25: Melisende's victory was complete. Again she is seen in the historical record gr...
29: ... the Holy Sepulchre, our Lady of Josaphat, the Templum Domini, the order of the Hospital, the leper ho...
37: ...dessa. Damascus and Jerusalem were on very good diplomatic terms and held a peace treaty between them.... - Agnes of Courtenay (6051 bytes)
3: ...t of [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]] was lost in [[1150]]. Her first husband was Reynald of Marash, who l...
5: ...lors believed he could make a more advantageous diplomatic marriage. Despite the annulment, their two...
15: ...ernment. Agnes advanced the compromise that would place her grandson Baldwin V above Sibylla in the or... - Hildegard of Bingen (14070 bytes)
3: ...sh; [[September 17]], [[1179]]) was a [[German people|German]] [[abbess]], [[Monasticism|monastic]] le...
22: ...the ''Ordo Virtutum'' ("Order of the Virtues" or "Play of the Virtues"), a type of early [[oratorio]] ...
24: ...rd also authored ''Physica and Causae et Curae'' (1150), both works on natural history and curative powe...
26: ...o the body. That is why in giving descriptions of plants, trees, birds, animals, stones, Hildegard is ...
28: ...nd most important ''Scivias'' ("Know the Way") completed in [[1151]], ''Liber vitae meritorum'' ("Book... - Medieval art (6359 bytes)
1: ...hurch of the Holy Wisdom]] in former [[Constantinople]]—the image of Christ on the walls of the ...
3: ...''Medieval Art''' covers a vast scope of time and place, over 1000 years of [[art history]] in [[Weste...
9: ...dieval art can be seen as the history of the interplay between the elements of classical, early Christ...
17: ... of native [[Celtic language|Celtic speaking]] peoples of Ireland and Britain from about the 5th centu...
19: ...g|Migration period]] from about 300-900 (to be completed). - Blast furnace (4721 bytes)
1: ...such that the [[chemical reaction]] does not take place only at the surface. Typically this is used f...
4: ...t in [[Sweden]] at Lapphyttan, sometime between [[1150]] and [[1350]]. It is unclear whether the blast ...
25: ...hus having to re-heat) the mix, and use fairly complex systems to extract the heat from the hot carbon... - Medieval music (31843 bytes)
7: The general trend in Medieval music is toward complexity in harmony, rhythm, text, and orchestration....
9: ... is weak, and rhythm cannot be specified. The simplicity of chant, with unison voice and natural decl...
11: ...s lines in a repeatable fashion. The use of multiple texts and instrumental accompaniment has develop...
17: ...out 1240), the treatise which defined and most completely elucidated the [[rhythmic modes]], a notatio...
19: ...t definitely identifiable scholar to accept and explain the mensural system was Johannes de Muris ([[J... - Castle (27805 bytes)
1: ...n|fortified enclosure]]. The term is most often applied to a small self-contained [[fortress]], usuall...
2: ...European castles were opened up and expanded into pleasure dwellings and power houses from the late 15...
10: ...re places of protection from an invading enemy, a place of retreat. This can be seen by many of the ty...
17: ... decline of the German kingdom, castle building exploded as local warlords staked claims to minor king...
19: ...ht|[[Craigievar Castle]] in [[Aberdeenshire]], completed in 1626.]] - Phoenix, Arizona (34271 bytes)
5: ...[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] with 1.5 million people
13: Phoenix is called ''Hoodzo'' (lit. 'the place is hot') in [[Navajo language|Navajo]] (a lang...
16: {{Template:US City infobox|
46: ...tery. Prolonged drought may have destroyed or displaced them; or, they may be the ancestors of the mo...
49: ...est of Mesa, which was already a city of 1,000 people; and a few miles northwest of a similar farming ... - Des Moines, Iowa (13222 bytes)
8: ...downtown and serve as the city's primary water supply.
14: ...g (5.6 km) [[skyway|skywalk]] system, allowing people to travel between buildings without going out of...
16: {{Template:US City infobox|
43: A plan to merge the governments of Des Moines and Polk...
52: ... Statistical Area consists of those five counties plus [[Jasper County, Iowa|Jasper]] and [[Marion Cou... - List of philosophers (79981 bytes)
391: *[[Frederick Copleston]], (1907-1994)
896: *[[David Kaplan (philosopher)|David Kaplan]], (born 1933){{fn|O}}
897: *[[Mordecai Kaplan]], (1881-1983){{fn|R}}
907: *[[Johannes Kepler]], (1571-1630){{fn|C}}{{fn|R}}
973: *[[Pierre-Simon Laplace]], (1749-1827){{fn|C}}{{fn|O}} - Olmec (8916 bytes)
1: The '''Olmec''' were an ancient people living in the [[tropic]]al lowlands of south-cen...
4: ... was the construction of permanent city-temple complexes. The best-known Olmec centers are at [[San Lo...
6: ...nd religious purposes – certainly they were playing it before anyone else has been documented do...
11: ...e than a thousand years before the time of the people the Aztecs knew as the "Olmec". It is not known ...
14: ...distinctively Olmec features begin to emerge at c.1150 BCE. The rise of [[civilization]] here was probab... - Sumer (14409 bytes)
1: {{Template:Ancient Mesopotamia}}
5: ...to no known language family, as compared, for example, to [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] which belongs...
10: ...ed various [[city-state]]s, each centered on a temple dedicated to the patron [[god]] of the city and ...
21: ...ere in turn defeated by the [[Elamites]] around [[1150 BC]].
26: ...eavily on [[irrigation]]. The irrigation was accomplished by the use of [[shaduf]]s, [[canal]]s, [[cha... - Ashkelon (5935 bytes)
8: ...lined tunnel-like barrel vault, coated with white plaster, to support the superstructure: it is the ol...
14: ...600s BC|604 BCE]], burnt and destroyed and its people taken into exile, the Philistine era was over.
16: ...s an important [[Hellenistic]] seaport, the birthplace of [[Herod the Great]] who rebuilt and enriche...
18: ... in [[1099]], the city itself was not taken. In [[1150]] it was fortified with fifty-three towers by its...
27: ...shkelon and exact phrase Lawrence Stager) returns plenty of interesting hits. - Erbium (9509 bytes)
100: | 1150 kJ/mol
185: ...and amount of impurities present. Erbium does not play any known biological role but is thought by som...
187: == Applications ==
190: *Used as a [[dopant]] in [[Fiber amplifier]]s.
198: ...etallic erbium in dust form presents a fire and explosion hazard. - Iron (23778 bytes)
143: == Applications ==
144: ...h strength make it indispensable, especially in applications like [[automobile]]s, the [[hull (ship)|h...
156: ...d increasingly in the Middle East, but did not supplant the dominant use of [[bronze]].
159: ... technology, but instead the disruption of the supply of [[tin]]. This period of transition, which oc...
161: ...er and less brittle than the bronze it began to replace. - Silicon (13233 bytes)
44: ...ductor]] devices, and [[silicone]]s, the latter a plastic substance often confused with silicon. Silic...
49: == Applications ==
50: ...ment]]. Silicon is a very important element for [[plant]] and [[animal]] life. [[Diatom]]s extract sil...
56: ...ich are used in electronics and other high-tech applications.
58: ...sed in applications such as artificial [[breast implant]]s and contact lenses. - History of science in the Middle Ages (30877 bytes)
2: ...ith the study of nature, including practical disciplines, the mathematical sciences, and [[natural phi...
4: ...ture as a coherent system of laws that could be explained in the light of reason.
6: ...however, were suddenly interrupted by the [[Black Plague]] and are virtually unknown to the lay public...
14: ...pestry of rural populations and semi-[[nomad]] peoples. The political instability and the downfall of ...
16: ...ltures|antiquity]], sources which were often incomplete and posed serious problems of interpretation. ... - Elamite Empire (23098 bytes)
5: Its culture played a crucial role in the [[Achaemenid]] [[Persia...
16: {{Template:Ancient Mesopotamia}}
19: ...]. [[Proto-Elamite]] influence from the [[Persian plateau]] in Susa becomes visible from about [[3200 ...
21: ... area, spread out on the [[Iranian plateau]]; examples of Elamite remains north and east of Iran are [...
60: ...flames rise from the city as Assyrian soldiers topple it with pickaxes and crowbars and carry off the ...
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