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  1. Persepolis (15450 bytes)
    2: ... some 70 km northeast of [[Shiraz, Iran|Shiraz]], not far from where the small river Pulwar flows into...
    6: ... be traced back to the [[13th century]], are now known as ''Takhti Jamshid'' ("the throne of Jamshid")...
    12: ...a]], who reigned at the longest two years, or, if not his, then that of [[Darius III of Persia|Darius ...
    14: Another small group of ruins in the same style is fou...
    18: .... This accounts for the fact that the Greeks were not acquainted with the city until it was taken and ...
  2. Esther (5002 bytes)
    5: ...ved the name Esther by which she was hence forth known. ''Hadassah'' means "[[myrtle]]" in [[Hebrew la...
    9: The [[Targum]] provides another Midrashic explanation claiming that she was a...
    12: ...office in the household of the Persian king at "[[Susa|Shushan]] in the palace."
    19: ... defeated in the [[Greco-Persian Wars]]. He makes no reference to individual members of the Harem with...
    21: .... Critics of this view point out that nothing is known with certainty about Elamite religion and that ...
  3. Ptolemy I of Egypt (7434 bytes)
    1: :''For the unrelated [[astronomy|astronomer]], see [[Ptolemy]]''
    7: ...s now appointed [[satrap]] of [[Egypt]] under the nominal kings [[Philip III of Macedon|Philip Arrhida...
    9: ...r the petty kings of Cyprus. When [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]], master of Asia in [[315 BC|...
    13: ...of Egypt absolutely his own master. The peace did not last long, and in [[309 BC|309]] Ptolemy command...
    15: ...t Antigonus was engaged with Lysimachus in Asia Minor. On a report that Antigonus had won a decisive v...
  4. Ancient Greece (23806 bytes)
    2: ...tered Greek settlements on the coasts of what are now [[Albania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Egypt]], [[France]]...
    4: ...nclude the periods of the [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]] and [[History of Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]]...
    6: ...lympic Games]] in [[776 BC]], but most historians now extend the term back to about [[1000 BC]]. The t...
    15: ..." and [[Jerome]]'s "Chronicon", contain brief chronologies and king lists for this period. The history...
    17: ...l, military and diplomatic history, and ignore economic and social history. All histories of Ancient G...
  5. Ancient history (7857 bytes)
    27: *[[Susa]]
    33: ...ical evidence, about the "reason" events occured, not what happened.
    35: ...4, Thorndike 1923, MacMullen 1966) Note: This is not new original research. This is old stuff to the ...
    37: ==Chronology==
    57: * [[378]]- [[Battle of Adrianople]], Roman army is defeated by the Germanic trib...
  6. Alexander the Great (42049 bytes)
    4: ... military commanders of the ancient world. He is known in some eastern traditions such as the [[Middle...
    6: ...ived on in the history and myth of both Greek and non-Greek peoples. Already during his lifetime, and...
    9: ...] (''Alexander'' 3.1,3), Olympias was impregnated not by Philip, who was afraid of her and her affinit...
    14: ...r was once thought to have been planned with the knowledge and possible involvement of Alexander or Ol...
    16: ...ebes, which had pledged allegiance to Philip were not quick to pledge it to a 20-year-old boy. He imme...
  7. Antigonus I Monophthalmus (4328 bytes)
    1: ...") ([[382 BC]] - [[301 BC]]) was a [[Macedon]]ian nobleman, general, and [[satrap]] under [[Alexander ...
    3: ...us.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Coin of '''Antigonus I Monophthalmos''' ("the One-eyed") ([[382 BC]] - [[301 ...
    5: ... defeated and forced to retire to the fortress of Nora in [[Cappadocia]].
    9: ...of which [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]] was governor. Seleucus fled to Ptolemy and entered into a lea...
    11: ...n that he was claiming to be Alexander's heir. He now prepared a large army and a formidable fleet, t...
  8. Silk Road (23757 bytes)
    3: ...]] or through the [[Levant]] into [[Egypt]] and [[North Africa]].
    5: These exchanges were critical not only for the development and flowering of the gr...
    11: ...y as circa [[11th century BC|1100 BC]], and the [[nomads]] of the vast Eurasian [[steppe]]-lands had d...
    18: ...cient world – [[Badakshan]], in what is now northeastern [[Afghanistan]] – as far as [[Mes...
    20: ...be the oldest [[shipbuilding|sea-faring]] harbor known.
  9. Civilization (29205 bytes)
    5: ... exclusive term, applied to some human groups and not others.
    7: ...he first. In this sense civilization is nearly synonymous with [[culture]].
    15: .... Everyone lives in a society and a culture, but not everyone lives in a civilization. In general, ci...
    17: ...es farmers to produce a surplus of food that will not be needed for their own subsistence.
    18: ...A significant portion of the population that does not devote most of its time to producing food. They ...
  10. Trajan (7787 bytes)
    5: ...usia]]. Trajan himself was just one of many well-known Ulpii in a line that continued long after his o...
    7: ...'s wars against the [[Germanic tribes]], and was known as one of the foremost military commanders of t...
    9: ... succeeded without incident, making him the first non-[[Italy|Italian]] Roman to become Emperor.
    11: ...an Senate]] eventually bestowed upon Trajan the honorific of ''optimus'', meaning "the best".
    13: ... expedition into the kingdom of [[Dacia]], on the northern bank of the [[Danube River]], and forced Ki...
  11. Guitar (36953 bytes)
    12: Guitars are widely known as the primary instrument in [[rock music]].
    15: ... playing the ancestor of the Guitar. Excavated in Susa, [[Iran]]. Dated 3rd Millennium BC.]]
    16: ...milar to the Westernized guitar appear in ancient Susa carvings and statues recovered from the Iranian P...
    17: ...th century]]. ([http://www.iranian.com/Music/2002/November/Guitar/index.html See related article]).
    22: ...tuning]] and a small guitar-style body, but it is not clear whether this represents a transitional for...
  12. Ziggurat (6043 bytes)
    9: ...]] color, matching the tops of the tiers. It is known that there were three staircases leading to the...
    15: ... [[spiral]] [[ramp]] from [[base]] to [[summit]]. Notable examples of this structure include the ruins...
    17: ...ce.</center>]]The [[Mesopotamia]]n ziggurats were not the place of public [[worship]] or [[ceremonies]...
    21: ...A.</center>]]Overall, 32 ziggurats are currently known to be existing from and around Mesopotamia. 4 o...
    23: ...entral library, in [[Knoxville]], [[Tennessee]]. Another would be the ''ziggurat by the river'', near ...
  13. History of the Kurds (8244 bytes)
    1: ...ds are one of the [[Iranian peoples]] and speak a north-western [[Iranian language]] related to [[Pers...
    3: ...whereas the above groups are thought to have been non Indo-Europeans, apart from the original Mitanni ...
    5: ... is, with the [[Syria]]ns and [[Hittite]]s, the [[Susa|Susians]], [[Elamite Empire|Elamites]], and [[Akk...
    7: ... nations inhabiting the high plateaus of [[Asia Minor]], [[Armenia]] and [[Iran|Persia]], became gradu...
    13: ...g the province of Shahrizor with its capital city now marked by the great mound of Yassin Teppeh.
  14. Persian Empire (26229 bytes)
    1: ...s to confuse Iran with Iraq; so in 1959 Pahlavi announced that both Persia and Iran can be used interc...
    11: ...tributary peoples to Assyria, [[Babylonia]], and another Aryan tribe, the [[Scythian]]s. The region of...
    13: ...e Persians around 700 BC. His son Teispes led the nomadic Persians to settle in southern Iran around 6...
    15: ...arter, the king promised not to terrorize Babylon nor destroy its institutions and culture. Cyrus was ...
    19: ...the Achaemenids, since the conquered peoples felt no need to revolt.
  15. Akkadian Empire (9189 bytes)
    2: ...Zage-Si]] was a contemporary of [[Uru-duggina]]. Another Semitic ruler of Kish of the same period was ...
    4: ...e spoils of the conquered lands. [[Elam]] and the northern part of Mesopotamia were also subjugated, a...
    6: ...y the [[Pharaoh]]s of [[Egypt]] - whose territory now adjoined that of Babylonia.
    10: ...ble that the first collection of [[astronomy|astronomical]] observations and terrestrial omens was mad...
    12: ...ow whether he followed his father on the throne. Another son was high-priest of the city of Tutu, and ...
  16. Achaemenid dynasty (14622 bytes)
    3: ...ia]], [[Pakistan]], [[Jordan]], [[Israel]], [[Lebanon]], [[Caucasia]], [[Central Asia]], [[Arabia]] an...
    15: ...7;rayawu&#353;'' "Who Holds Firm the Good", also known as ''Darayarahush'' or Darius the Great).
    17: ...that [[oligarchy]] would divide them against one another, and democracy would bring about mob rule res...
    19: ...ced to retract the limits of the empire to Asia Minor.
    23: ...alaces in the ancient cities of [[Persepolis]], [[Susa]] and [[Ecbatana]] (''Hagmat&#257;na'' "City of G...
  17. Ancient Civilizations (5780 bytes)
    30: *[[Susa]]
    44: ==Chronology==
    64: * [[378]]- [[Battle of Adrianople]], Roman army is defeated by the Germanic trib...
    73: ...oman Empire. This date is most commonly used to denote the end of Ancient Era
  18. Civilizations (30128 bytes)
    8: ... exclusive term, applied to some human groups and not others.
    11: ...he first. In this sense civilization is nearly synonymous with [[culture]].
    20: Another use of ''civilization'' combines the first an...
    22: ...[[culture]], [[society]], [[etiquette]], and [[ethnocentrism]] and for topics related to the broader s...
    25: .... Everyone lives in a society and a culture, but not everyone lives in a civilization. In general, ci...
  19. Timeline of Middle Eastern History (12425 bytes)
    1: ...ddle East with its particular characteristics was not to emerge until late [[2nd millennium|second mil...
    27: ...<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Dating Creation|1]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
    35: * c. [[4500 BC]] &ndash; Civilization of [[Susa]] and [[Kish (Sumer)|Kish]] in [[Mesopotamia]]
    47: * Jewish chronology dates [[creation (theology)|creation]] to [[2...
    52: ...|34th century]]), the earliest historical person known by name.
  20. Elamite Empire (23098 bytes)
    4: ...] and [[Akkad]], centered in [[Susa]], in what is now southwestern [[Iran]]. The Elamite period is con...
    8: ...rehistorically). Additionally, the Haltamti were known as ''Elam'' in the [[Hebrew Bible|Hebrew Old Te...
    10: ...ngly identified by its low-lying later capital, [[Susa]], and geographers after [[Ptolemy]] called it ''...
    19: ...amite]] influence from the [[Persian plateau]] in Susa becomes visible from about [[3200 BC]], and texts...
    21: ...Jiroft]] [http://www.chn.ir/english/eshownews.asp?no=4696] in [[Kerman Province]]. Elamite strength w...

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