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1. Actinium (7046 bytes)
   108: | ²²⁵Ac || [[synthetic radioisotope|{syn.}]]
   110: | ²²¹[[francium|Fr]]
   119: | α || 5.536 || ²²²[[francium|Fr]]
   125: | α || 5.042 || ²²³[[francium|Fr]]
   141: ...ho separated it from [[uraninite|pitchblende]]. [[Friedrich Otto Giesel]] independently discovered act...
2. Pioneer 11 (5118 bytes)
   3: ... Saturn and then it followed an escape trajectory from the [[solar system]].
   5: ...ettings were modified, based on experience gained from the settings used on Pioneer 10. Three pairs of...
   7: ...on]]. Further scientific information was obtained from [[celestial mechanics]] and [[occultation pheno...
   11: ...sion ended, the spacecraft was located at 44.7 AU from the Sun at a nearly [[asymptotic latitude]] of ...
   15: ...arried a [[Pioneer plaque|plaque]] with a message from [[humankind]]. If the [[outer space|space]] pro...
3. Tobacco smoking (36030 bytes)
   10: ...ter or match. One of the most common favors asked from a stranger is for a light; it is also done as a...
   15: ...ury]], tobacco smoking was brought to Europe, and from there spread to the rest of the world.
   17: ...rtrayed in advertising as part of a glamorous carefree lifestyle. This image continued to be prevalent...
   37: ... he was usually seen to have a cigar clamped, was frequently remarked upon by the press and public.
   39: ...ins. However, the practice of ingesting the smoke from a smoldering leaf generates an enormous number ...
4. Americium (6956 bytes)
   102: | ²⁴¹Am || [[synthetic radioisotope|{syn.}]]
   123: ...t slowly tarnishes in dry air. [[Alpha emission]] from Am-241 is approximately three times [[radium]]....
   132: ... isotopes of americium range in [[atomic weight]] from 231.046 [[atomic mass unit|amu]] (Am-231) to 24...
5. Antimony (9093 bytes)
   120: | ¹²⁵Sb || [[synthetic radioisotope|{syn.}]]
   133: ...ndance of antimony in the [[Earth]]'s crust range from 0.2 to 0.5 [[part per million|ppm]]. Antimony ...
   136: ...r]] industry in the production of [[diode]]s, [[infrared]] detectors, and [[Hall effect|Hall-effect]] ...
   138: *antifriction alloys,
   144: *plumbing ("lead-free" solder contains 5% Sb)
6. Argon (6952 bytes)
   32: ..._isotopes_decay | mn=37 | sym=Ar | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=35 [[day|d]] | dm=[[Electron capture|&...
   34: ..._isotopes_decay | mn=39 | sym=Ar | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E9 s|269]] [[year|y]] | dm=[[beta ...
   36: ..._isotopes_decay | mn=42 | sym=Ar | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=32.9 [[year|y]] | dm=&beta;<sup>-</sup...
   63: This gas is isolated through liquid air fractionation since the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosph...
   66: ... of Helsinki]]. By shining ultraviolet light onto frozen argon containing a small amount of hydrogen f...
7. Arsenic (12497 bytes)
   109: | [[synthetic radioisotope|syn.]]
   146: ...nto the [[20th century]], as a [[pesticide]] on [[fruit tree]]s (resulting in neurological damage to t...
   148: ... ingestion - directly or indirectly - of wood ash from CCA timber (the lethal human dose is approximat...
   161: ...nic poisoning]] were somewhat ill-defined, it was frequently used for [[murder]] until the advent of t...
   172: ...groundwater is of natural origin, and is released from the sediment into the groundwater due to the an...
8. Barium (8466 bytes)
   110: | ¹³³Ba || [[synthetic radioisotope|{syn.}]]
   154: ...pure form. It is primarily found in and extracted from the [[mineral]] [[barite]] which is crystalized...
   167: ...t does not dissolve, and is eliminated completely from the digestive tract.
9. Berkelium (5697 bytes)
   56: | ²⁴⁵Bk || [[synthetic radioisotope|{syn.}]]
   83: [[X-ray diffraction]] techniques have been used to identify var...
   88: ...berkelium-243 ([[half-life]] 4.5 hours) and two [[free neutron]]s. One of the longest lived [[isotope]...
   91: ... isotopes of berkelium range in [[atomic weight]] from 235.057 [[atomic mass unit|amu]] (Bk-235) to 25...
10. Beryllium (15119 bytes)
    118: | ⁷Be || [[synthetic radioisotope|syn.]]
    130: | ¹⁰Be || [[trace radioisotope|trace]]
    141: ...berated when it is hit by [[alpha particle]]s, as from [[radium]] or [[polonium]] (about 30 neutrons/m...
    152: .../Telescope/mirrortale/ (Beryllium related details from NASA here)] will have 18 hexagonal beryllium se...
    155: ...[beryl]] and in [[emerald]]s. [[Friedrich Woehler|Friedrich W?r]] and [[Antoine Alexandre Brutus Bussy...
11. Bismuth (9188 bytes)
    129: | ²⁰⁷Bi || [[synthetic radioisotope|{syn.}]]
    146: ...ts except [[mercury (element)|mercury]]. [[Lead]]-free bismuth compounds are used in [[cosmetics]] and...
    151: ...stitut d'Astrophysique Spatiale]] in [[Orsay]], [[France]] measured the [[alpha emission]] [[half-life...
    159: *Strong permanent [[magnet]]s can be made from the alloy [[bismanol]] ([[manganese|Mn]]Bi).
    165: ... many of its [[alloy]]s expand slightly when they freeze make them ideal for this purpose.
12. Cadmium (10755 bytes)
    122: | [[synthetic radioisotope|{syn.}]]
    175: *Due to a low [[coefficient of friction]] and very good fatigue resistance, it is u...
    181: ...r [[solar cell]]s. [[HgCdTe]] is sensitive to [[infrared]].
    186: ...nts|discovered]] in [[Germany]] in [[1817]] by [[Friedrich Strohmeyer]]. Strohmeyer found the new ele...
    188: ...ighly toxic, the [[British Pharmaceutical Codex]] from 1907 states that [[cadmium iodide]] was used as...
13. Caesium (11026 bytes)
    6: ...nter" | [[Rubidium|Rb]]<br>'''Cs'''<br>[[Francium|Fr]]&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;
    119: | [[synthetic radioisotope|{syn.}]]
    127: | [[trace radioisotope|trace]]
    134: | [[synthetic radioisotope|{syn.}]]
    149: ...e non-radioactive alkali metals. (Technically, [[francium]] is the least common alkali metal, but sin...
14. Calcium (9166 bytes)
    85: <td>⁴¹Ca</td><td>[[synthetic radioisotope|{syn.}]]</td><td>[[1 E12 s|103,000 y]]</td><td>[[...
    106: ...llic element that is purified by [[electrolysis]] from [[calcium fluoride]]. It burns with a yellow-re...
15. Californium (7452 bytes)
    38: <td>²⁴⁸Cf</td><td>[[synthetic radioisotope|{syn.}]]</td><td>[[1 E7 s|333.5 d]] </td><td>[[sp...
    59: ...[supernova]]e remnants. Californium-249 is formed from the [[beta decay]] of [[berkelium]]-249 and mo...
    72: ...of californium-245 (half-life 44 minutes) and a [[free neutron]].
    75: ...sotopes of californium range in [[atomic weight]] from 237.062 [[atomic mass unit|amu]] (Cf-237) to 25...
16. Carbon (15360 bytes)
    19: ...al to life, and esters, which give flavor to many fruits. The [[isotope]] [[carbon-14]] is commonly us...
    37: ...r form to [[adsorption|adsorb]] toxins or poisons from the digestive system.
    53: ...ectricity]]. The material is soft and the sheets, frequently separated by other atoms, are held togeth...
    89: ...d deposits are in [[Africa]], notably in [[South Africa]], [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], the [[Republic o...
    105: ...t. Thus processes that use carbon must obtain it from somewhere, and dispose of it somewhere. The pa...
17. Cerium (12377 bytes)
    119: | [[synthetic radioisotope|{syn.}]]
    176: ...oling of the metal can change its oxidation state from about 3 to 4.
    221: ...ost abundant (88.48% [[natural abundance]]). 27 [[radioisotope]]s have been characterized with the most {abundan...
    223: The isotopes of cerium range in [[atomic weight]] from 123 [[atomic mass unit|u]] (123-Ce) to 152 u (1...
    226: ...h bismuth and antimony are very exothermic. Fumes from cerium fires are toxic. Water should not be use...
18. Chlorine (10751 bytes)
    33: ..._isotopes_decay | mn=36 | sym=Cl | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E12 s|3.01&times;10⁵]] ...
    34: ..._isotopes_decay | mn=36 | sym=Cl | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=[[1 E12 s|3.01&times;10⁵]] ...
    39: '''Chlorine''' (from the [[Greek language]] ''Chloros'', meaning "pa...
    44: ... [[salt]]-forming halogen series and is extracted from chlorides through [[oxidation]] and more common...
    50: ...to kill [[bacterium|bacteria]] and other microbes from [[drinking water]] supplies and [[swimming pool...
19. Chromium (13677 bytes)
    91: <td>⁵⁰Cr</td><td>[[synthetic radioisotope|{syn.}]]</td><td>[[1 E19 s|> 1.8 E17 y]] </td><td...
    134: ...t pigment developed rapidly. A bright yellow made from crocoite became a very fashionable color.
    138: ...the remainder used in the chemical industry and refractory and foundry industries.
    140: ...or]], because of the many colorful compounds made from it.
    146: ...chromite ore in the world is produced in [[South Africa]]. [[Kazakhstan]], [[India]] and [[Turkey]] a...
20. Cobalt (13481 bytes)
    84: <td>⁵⁶Co</td><td>[[synthetic radioisotope|{syn.}]]</td><td>[[1 E6 s|77.27 d]] </td><td>[[el...
    102: ...th 1.6~1.7 [[Bohr magneton]]s per [[atom]]. It is frequently associated with [[nickel]], and both are ...
    130: ...y radioactive, and so cobalt machines have fallen from favor in the Western world where [[linacs]] are...
    142: ... [[nickel]]). Some also think the name may derive from Greek ''kobalos'', which means 'mine', and whic...
    149: Cobalt is not found as a free metal and is generally found in the form of [[o...

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