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- Hildegard of Bingen (14070 bytes)
1: [[Image:Hildegard.jpg|right|framed|A medieval illumination showing Hildegard von...
6: .... Because she was a tenth child, and a sickly one from birth, at the age of eight Hildegard's parents ...
8: ...members of her order after falling physically ill from carrying the unspoken burden.
20: ...manuscript.jpg|thumb|"Universal Man" illumination from Hildegard's ''Liber divinorum operum''.]]
24: ...unded another convent, Eibingen, across the river from Bingen. Her remaining years were very productiv... - Gastrointestinal tract (16596 bytes)
4: The GI tract differs substantially from animal to animal. For instance, some animals h...
33: The [[liver]] secretes [[bile]] into the small intestine via the [[gallbladder]...
45: ... of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the [[mouth]] to the [[anus]] (see figure). Ins...
59: ...ese waves of narrowing push the food and fluid in front of them through each hollow organ.
67: ...the small intestine and dissolved into the juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, the content... - Digestion (4206 bytes)
11: ... in the liver; these bile pigments are eliminated from the body with the feces). Most nutrient absorpt...
21: ...onate in the [[pancreas]] and it stimulates the [[bile]] secretion in the [[liver]]. This hormone respo...
22: ...es in the pancreas and stimulates the emptying of bile in the [[gall bladder]]. This hormone is secreted... - Liver (11441 bytes)
1: ...e liver often start in ''hepato-'' or ''hepatic'' from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for liver, ''...
7: ...liac trunk]]. The portal vein brings venous blood from the digestive tract, so that the liver can proc...
9: ... the [[Ampulla of Vater]]. The branchings of the bile ducts resemble those of a tree, and indeed the te...
14: ...m]], a thin, double-layered membrane that reduces friction against other organs. The peritoneum folds ...
16: The [[falciform ligament]] is visible on the front ([[anterior]] side) of the liver. This divides... - Duodenum (1179 bytes)
1: ...ortant ducts open into the duodenum, namely the [[bile duct]] and the [[pancreatic duct]].
3: ...c duct]] (and sometimes, separately, the [[common bile duct]]) empty into the gastrointestinal tract. Th...
5: The name ''duodenum'' is from the [[Latin]] ''duodenum digitorum'', twelve fi... - Pancreas (4781 bytes)
9: ....gif|Overview diagram of digestive system showing bile duct]]</div>
11: ...odenum at the [[ampulla of Vater]]. The [[common bile duct]] commonly joins the pancreatic duct at or n...
26: ... trypsinogen by cleaving it to form trypsin. The free trypsin then cleaves the rest of the trypsinoge...
36: ...sh. An example of one such food that can be made from the pancreas of a calf, lamb or pig is [[Sweetb... - Spleen (4479 bytes)
1: ...d [[red blood cell]]s and removal of other debris from the bloodstream, and also in holding a reservo...
3: It is an [[organ (anatomy)|organ]] derived from [[mesenchyme]] and lying in the [[mesentery]]. ...
12: The word '''spleen''' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''splēn''.
14: ...mours (body fluid) was the black [[Bile_(biology)|bile]], secreted by the spleen organ and associated wi... - Gallbladder (4604 bytes)
1: ...holecyst''') is a pear-shaped organ that stores [[bile]] (or "gall") until the body needs it for digesti...
4: ...''ductus cysticus''). The main biliary tract runs from the [[liver]] to the [[duodenum]], and the ''cy...
10: The gallbladder stores bile, which is released when [[food]] containing fat e...
14: ...Cholestasis''' is the blockage in the supply of [[bile]] into the digestive tract. It can be "intrahepat...
18: ...adder contracts and gallstones pass through the [[bile duct]]. Surgery ([[cholecystectomy]], removal of ... - Hippocrates (3132 bytes)
2: ...g|"the father of medicine."]] He was a physician from the so called medical school of [[Kos]]. Writin...
6: ...e body: [[phlegm]], [[bile|yellow bile]], [[black bile]], and [[blood]], and was a major influence on [[... - Copper (13595 bytes)
136: ...d because so much of it was mined in [[Cyprus]]). From this, the phrase was simplified to ''cuprum'' a...
138: ...ns of copper [[smelting]], the refining of copper from simple copper oxides such as [[malachite]] or [...
140: There are copper and [[bronze]] artifacts from [[Sumerian]] cities that date to 3000 BC, and [...
142: ... an animal skin, a typical shape of copper ingots from these times.]]
160: ...e Upper Intake Level for adults of dietary copper from all sources is 10 mg/day. - Frog zoology (7395 bytes)
3: ...word amphibian means "both sides of life," coming from the Greek amphi, meaning both, and bios, meanin...
7: ...e (produced by the liver) through the gallbladder from the liver to the small intestine, where the flu...
10: ...n and posture are controlled by the cerebellum. A frog has a very small cerebrum; that of a man is muc...
12: ...s of spinal nerves (nerves which pass information from extremities to the brain through the spinal cor...
14: ... have complex valves, but no long nasal passages. Frogs do not have external ears; the eardrums (tympa... - Blood (11213 bytes)
2: [[Image:Redbloodcells.jpg|right|frame|[[Red blood cell]]s (erythrocytes) are present...
4: ...ritish English|BE]]: ''haemo-'' and ''haemato-'') from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word "''haima''" f...
11: ...invertebrates, these oxygen-carrying proteins are freely soluble in the blood; in vertebrates they are...
14: ...xygen. (Openings called [[trachea]]e allow oxygen from the air to diffuse directly to the tissues). In...
36: ...oduced by the [[endocrine gland]]s and the watery fraction maintained by the [[gut]] and the [[kidney]... - Medieval medicine (14745 bytes)
9: ...d other remedies. Such spells had to be separated from the physical remedies, or replaced with Christi...
15: ...the [[spinal cord]] controls various [[muscle]]s. From his dissections, he described the [[heart]] val...
17: ... ''Leechbook'' (circa [[900]]), include citations from a variety of classical works alongside local fo...
19: ...ed, the revival of methodical medical instruction from standard texts in the west can be traced to the...
21: ...ine, beginning as a craft tradition until [[Roger Frugardi]] of [[Parma]] composed his treatise on ''S...
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