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- Steel (28384 bytes)
2: [[Image:Steel framework.jpg|thumb|300px|Steel framework]]
3: ...s, which are naturally arranged in a [[lattice]], from sliding past one another. Varying the amount of...
8: ...rtant that smelting take place in a fairly oxygen-free environment. Unlike copper and tin, liquid iro...
11:
17: ...n this case, expansion occurs. Internal stresses from this expansion generally take the form of [[com... - Melisende of Jerusalem (16880 bytes)
1: ...fealty from a vassal, possibly Melisende herself, from the [[Melisende Psalter]]]]
3: ...) was [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Queen of Jerusalem]] from [[1131]] to [[1153]].
9: ...the [[Count of Boulogne|County of Boulogne]] in [[France]]. Melisende was the heir of this dynasty, an...
13: ...son of previous marriage, [[Geoffrey of Anjou|Geoffrey]] was in these same years married to Empress Ma...
15: ...d of his crusader knights Fulk excluded Melisende from granting titles and other forms of patronage, a... - Agnes of Courtenay (6051 bytes)
3: ...t of [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]] was lost in [[1150]]. Her first husband was Reynald of Marash, who l...
5: ...e de Jherusalem". Both these charges however come from sources biased towards Willaim; Bernard Hamilto...
7: ...ntess of Jaffa and Ascalon and received a pension from that fief's income. Agnes soon thereafter marri...
11: ...rranged to have her brother Joscelin III released from captivity and appointed [[Officers of the Kingd...
15: ...lla or Isabella. Sibylla herself was not excluded from the succession. Guy had become very unpopular a... - Hildegard of Bingen (14070 bytes)
1: [[Image:Hildegard.jpg|right|framed|A medieval illumination showing Hildegard von...
6: .... Because she was a tenth child, and a sickly one from birth, at the age of eight Hildegard's parents ...
8: ...members of her order after falling physically ill from carrying the unspoken burden.
20: ...manuscript.jpg|thumb|"Universal Man" illumination from Hildegard's ''Liber divinorum operum''.]]
24: ...rd also authored ''Physica and Causae et Curae'' (1150), both works on natural history and curative powe... - Medieval art (6359 bytes)
3: ...he [[Islamic art history|Middle East]] and North Africa. It includes the major art movements, national...
15: ''Early Christian art'' covers the period from about 200 (before which no distinct Christian f...
17: ...|Celtic speaking]] peoples of Ireland and Britain from about the 5th century, with the Roman withdrawl...
19: ...ples during the [[V?rwanderung|Migration period]] from about 300-900 (to be completed).
25: ...om 600-900 and the development of regional styles from 900-1500. - Blast furnace (4721 bytes)
1: ...y this is used for the production of [[pig iron]] from [[iron ore]].
4: ...t in [[Sweden]] at Lapphyttan, sometime between [[1150]] and [[1350]]. It is unclear whether the blast ...
9: ...tall [[chimney]]-like [[cauldron]] lined with [[refractory]] brick. Coke, limestone and iron ore are ...
23: ...tated and the processed pig iron can be separated from the oxidised impurities. For some time, the pr...
25: ... heat from the hot carbon dioxide when it escapes from the top of the furnace, further improving effic... - Medieval music (31843 bytes)
17: ...e. A German theorist of a slightly later period, Franco of Cologne, was the first to describe a syste...
19: ...as a stand-in for 4/4 time is actually a holdover from this practice, not an abbreviation for "common ...
21: ...emensis), [[Johannes de Muris|Jehan des Murs]], [[Franco of Cologne]], [[Johannes de Garlandia]] (Joha...
23: == Early Medieval music ( -1150)==
27: ...hant]] was used and shows the influence of North African music. The Mozarabic liturgy even survived th... - Castle (27805 bytes)
1: A '''castle''' (from the [[Latin]] ''castellum'', diminutive of ''ca...
2: ...expanded into pleasure dwellings and power houses from the late 15th century, their "castle" designati...
10: ...st and foremost castles were places of protection from an invading enemy, a place of retreat. This can...
11: ...e weapons, built in otherwise hostile territories from which to control surrounding lands.
14: ...nd control of a region. A castle was a stronghold from which a lord or baron could control surrounding... - Phoenix, Arizona (34271 bytes)
46: ...water from the Salt River. Their name is derived from the [[Pima]] (Akimel O'otham) phrase, ''Ho Ho K...
49: ... and others from Wickenburg had dug a short canal from the Salt River and founded a small farming colo...
53: ...'', memorializing the birth of a new civilization from the ruins left by the Hohokam.
61: ...Hotel now stands. Miss Nellie Shaver, a newcomer from Wisconsin, was appointed as the first female sc...
65: ...nment. The bill was signed by Governor [[John C. Fremont]] on [[February 25]], [[1881]]. Phoenix wa... - Des Moines, Iowa (13222 bytes)
4: ...ines1.ogg|{{IPA|/demwan/}}]] in [[French language|French]]) is the capital city of the [[U.S. state]] ...
8: ... The [[Des Moines River]] (from [[French language|French]] ''Rivi貥 des Moines'', i.e. "River of the ...
25: mayor = [[Frank Cownie]] |
41: ...ncil consists of a mayor (who, as of [[2005]], is Frank Cownie), two at-large members, and four member...
73: ...rom [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 2.23% from two or more races. 6.61% of the population are... - List of philosophers (79981 bytes)
9: *[[Jacob Friedrich von Abel]], (1751-1829)
55: *[[Francesco Algarotti]], (1712-1764)
62: *[[Henri-Fr餩ric Amiel]], (1821-1881)
109: *[[Georg Anton Friedrich Ast]], (1778-1841)
122: *[[Alfred Ayer|Alfred Jules Ayer]], (1910-1989){{fn|C}}{{fn|O}}{{fn|R... - Olmec (8916 bytes)
1: ...Salvador]]. The Olmec predominated in their lands from about [[1200 BC]] to about [[400 BC]] and they ...
6: ...their language, the earliest known example dating from [[650s BC|650 BC]]. They were perhaps the origi...
11: ...he name "Olmec" to the rediscovered ruins and art from this area before it was understood that these h...
14: ...distinctively Olmec features begin to emerge at c.1150 BCE. The rise of [[civilization]] here was probab...
16: ...e of materials in San Lorenzo that must have come from distant locations suggests that early Olmec eli... - Sumer (14409 bytes)
2: ...ir'') formed the southern part of [[Mesopotamia]] from the time of settlement by the Sumerians until t...
5: ...adian language|Akkadian]] which belongs to the [[Afro-Asiatic languages]].
12: ...fare over water rights, trade routes, and tribute from nomadic tribes.
18: ...g it his capital, and claimed an empire extending from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean. He is t...
21: ...ere in turn defeated by the [[Elamites]] around [[1150 BC]]. - Ashkelon (5935 bytes)
6: ...the site with about 50 feet of accumulated rubble from successive [[Canaan]]ite, [[Philistines|Philist...
12: ...y more than 20 feet in width ascended the rampart from the harbor and entered a gate at the top. Nearb...
14: ...nes conquered Canaanite Ashkelon about [[1150s BC|1150 BCE]]. Their earliest pottery is similar to potte...
18: ... in [[1099]], the city itself was not taken. In [[1150]] it was fortified with fifty-three towers by its... - Erbium (9509 bytes)
100: | 1150 kJ/mol
182: ...r rare elements in the [[mineral]] [[gadolinite]] from [[Ytterby]] in [[Sweden]].
185: ... [[visible light]], [[ultraviolet]], and near [[infrared]]. Otherwise it looks much like the other rar...
195: ...ttria" from the mineral [[gadolinite]] into three fractions which he called [[yttria]], [[erbia]], and...
198: ...s. The principal commercial sources of erbium are from the minerals [[xenotime]] and [[euxenite]]. Met... - Iron (23778 bytes)
135: ...of iron in the various layers of the Earth ranges from high at the inner core to about 5% in the outer...
137: ...ed from iron ore, and is hardly ever found in the free (elemental) state. In order to obtain elementa...
146: ...icance is that of an intermediate step on the way from [[iron ore]] to [[cast iron]] and [[steel]].
154: ... northern and western European languages, derives from the [[Etruscan]] ''aisar'' which means "the god...
156: ... numbers of smelted iron objects (distinguishable from meteoric iron by the lack of nickel in the prod... - Silicon (13233 bytes)
47: ...-efficient of [[resistance]], since the number of free charge carriers increases with temperature.
50: ...] and [[animal]] life. [[Diatom]]s extract silica from water to build their protective cell walls. Oth...
51: ...[Pottery]]/[[Vitreous enamel|Enamel]] - It is a refractory material used in high-temperature material ...
54: *[[Glass]] - Silica from sand is a principal component of glass. Glass c...
95: ...ty silicon rods are exposed to trichlorosilane at 1150 °C. The trichlorosilane gas decomposes and d... - History of science in the Middle Ages (30877 bytes)
14: ... of [[Rome]] in the [[5th century]], and isolated from the rest of the world by the spread of [[Islam]...
16: ...rpretation. Given the limited scientific advances from about [[476]] to about [[1000]], this period ca...
18: ...ic]], [[geometry]], [[astronomy]] and [[music]]). From the year [[787]] on, [[decree]]s began to circu...
20: ...e rebirth of the interest in speculative inquiry; from this interest would follow the rise of the [[Sc...
27: ...the texts of the ''ancients'' and started a new infrastructure which was needed for scientific communi... - Elamite Empire (23098 bytes)
4: ...[Iran]]. The Elamite period is considered to last from ca. [[2700 BC]] to [[539 BC]], with a preceding...
10: ...cial name [[Khuzestan|Khuzestān]] is derived from the Old Persian root ''Hujiyā'', which mea...
19: ...C]]. But we can only really trace Elamite history from records dating to beginning of the [[Akkadian E...
57: ...anced with federalism must have suffered, and the fraternal, sectional strife that so weakened Elam in...
60: ...ng the sack of Susa in 647 BCE. Here, flames rise from the city as Assyrian soldiers topple it with pi...
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