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- Cleopatra VII of Egypt (8634 bytes)
4: ...u;ρα θεά φιλοπάτωρ, [[December]...
9: ...gs had to marry their sisters in order to be qualified to rule. Following the deaths of her brothers s...
21: There are a number of unverifiable but famous stories about Cleopatra, of which ...
29: ...nd culture, Cleopatra is reputed to have been the first member of her family in their 300-year reign i... - Calligraphy (20084 bytes)
2: ...m [[Greek language|Greek]] καλλος ''kallos'' "beauty" + γ&r...
4: ...[[palaeography]]. Examples of ancient Roman [[graffiti]] are of interest to both calligraphers and pal...
10: ... an important art in [[East Asia]] and the most refined form of East Asian [[painting]].
12: ...sive style, literally "grass writingstyles"). All five styles of writing are still in use today.
14: ..., hiragana and katakana were developed from simplified cursive versions of characters. In the hands of... - Greek language (35285 bytes)
17: ... in the city of [[Rome]] and Koine Greek became a first or second language in the [[Roman Empire]]. Th...
19: ...reek]] during medieval [[Greek history]] as the official and vernacular language of the [[Byzantine Em...
32: ... alphabet]] in c. [[1000 BC]] and, with minor modifications, is still used today.
34: ...century|20th]] centuries. Demotic Greek is the official language of the modern Greek state, and the m...
38: ...n]] words, the foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary. See ''[[English words... - Ptolemy (10609 bytes)
5: ...]''' (in Greek ''Η μεγάλη Σύνταξι&sig...
7: ... computational '[[Tables of Toledo]]') were of sufficient accuracy to satisfy the needs of astronomers...
11: The first part of the ''Geography'' is a discussion of t...
18: ...ps; an edition printed at [[Ulm]] in 1482 was the first one printed north of the Alps. The maps look d...
23: ...tices (such as considering the numerological significance of names) that he believed to be without sou... - Nile (13738 bytes)
8: ...mes from the word ''Neilos'' (Νειλος), a Greek name for the Nile. A...
12: .... This is, for the most part, due to two reasons: first, the lengths of rivers vary over time (especia...
38: ... 1) it flows over 6 groups of cataracts, from the first at Aswan to the sixth at Sabaloka (just north ...
42: ...ediments carried eastward by currents nurture the fishing industries of the Eastern Mediterranean, or ...
46: ...Stone Age]]. Climate change - or perhaps [[desertification|overgrazing]] - about 10,000 years ago [[de... - Geology (12007 bytes)
1: ...Greek]] γη- (''ge-'', "the earth") and λογος (''logos'', "wo...
7: ...e year [[1779]]. An older meaning of the word was first used by [[Richard de Bury]]. He used it to dis...
12: ...ssils was not overturned until after the [[Scientific Revolution]]. It was translated into [[Latin]] a...
14: Georg Agricola (1494-1555) wrote the first systematic treatise about [[mining]] and [[sme...
16: ...ogic map|geological maps]]; Guettard recorded the first observation of the [[Volcano|volcanic]] origin... - Papyrus (5819 bytes)
2: ...least as far back as the [[First dynasty of Egypt|First dynasty]]), but it was also widely used throug...
5: ...basketry, or a writing surface. This latter usage finds its way into English in such words as ''biblio...
10: ... outer rind is first stripped off, and the sticky fibrous inner [[pith]] is cut lengthwise into thin s...
13: ...sive papyrus was often reused, writing across the fibres on the ''[[verso]]'' [http://www-user.uni-bre...
15: ...include the [[Elephantine papyri]] and the famous finds at [[Oxyrhynchus]] and [[Nag Hammadi]]. The [[... - Thebes, Egypt (3900 bytes)
4: ...us" ([[Zeus]] being the god whom the Greeks identified with [[Amun]]). - Alexander the Great (42049 bytes)
4: ...lytonic|Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρο&sigma...
6: Following the unification of the multiple city states of [[Ancient Gr...
9: ...ed not by Philip, who was afraid of her and her affinity for sleeping in the company of snakes, but by...
11: ...he [[Oracle]] of Ammon at Siwah, according to all five of the extant historians ([[Arrian]], [[Quintus...
23: ...Halicarnassus]], Alexander successfully waged the first of many sieges, eventually forcing his opponen... - Aristotle (37648 bytes)
3: ...Alpha;ριστοτέλης
10: ...tific importance. Plato can be called, with qualification, an [[idealism|idealist]] and a [[rationali...
12: ...lt, these works tend to be eclectic, dense and difficult to read. Among the most important ones are ''...
14: Aristotle is known for being one of the few figures in history who studied almost every subject ...
19: ...ater hidden to avoid confiscation or destruction; finally, the manuscripts were rediscovered in [[70 B... - List of computing topics (15876 bytes)
166: [[Code and fix]] --
225: [[Deterministic finite state machine]] --
237: [[Distance field]] --
240: [[Dvorak Simplified Keyboard]] --
262: [[Final Cut Pro]] -- - Electricity (13894 bytes)
1: ...d the other negative. Through experimentation, we find that like-charged objects repel and opposite-ch...
8: ...ave been used for [[electroplating]]. There is no firm documentary evidence to indicate what the objec...
10: ...sulator]]s; and [[C. F. Du Fay]], who first identified the two types of electricity that would later b...
22: ...lternating current]], which he used to build the first induction motor, invented in [[1882]]. In May ...
31: ...neers, Chemists, and Technicians'', by D. J. Shanefield, William Andrew Publishing (Norwich, NY), 2001... - Pinhole camera (6994 bytes)
4: ...e]]s; see also [[camera obscura]]), or can expose film or a [[charge coupled device]] (CCD). Pinhole ...
8: ...ness of the material in which it is punched, significant vignetting at the edges of the image will res...
10: ..., but a hobbiest can still produce pinholes of sufficiently high quality for photographic work.
12: ...metal reclaimed from an aluminium drinks can, use fine sand paper to reduce the thickness of the mater...
14: ...d of calculating the optimal pinhole diameter was first attempted by [[Josef Petzval]]. - Constantinople (4125 bytes)
1: ...Roman Empire]] on [[May 11]], AD [[330]]. It was first founded as a [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] colony w...
5: ... the [[Bishop of Rome]] (the Pope). They were "[[first among equals]]", a situation which would event...
9: ...tal was moved to [[Ankara]]; Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in [[1930]]. - Chlorine (10751 bytes)
6: {{Elementbox_econfig | [[[neon|Ne]]] 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>5<...
47: Chlorine is an important chemical in [[water purification]], in [[disinfectant]]s in [[Bleach (chemic...
58: Chlorine ([[Greek language|Gr.]] χλωρος, greenish yellow) w...
90: ...(element)|Mercury]] cell [[electrolysis]] was the first method used to produce chlorine on an industri...
104: This method is nearly as efficient as the diaphragm cell and yet produces very ... - Helium (36603 bytes)
40: | [[Specific heat capacity]]
54: | [[Electron configuration]]
108: ...rves of helium have been found in the natural gas fields of the [[United States]], which is by far the...
112: ...cooled below this temperature, helium can be liquefied through expansion cooling.
117: Helium solidifies only under great pressure. The resulting colorl... - Selenium (9236 bytes)
46: | [[Electron configuration]]
70: | 16.42 [[scientific notation|×]]10<sup>-6</sup> [[cubic metre ...
89: | [[Specific heat capacity]]
182: ... in [[photocell]]s. This element is found in [[sulfide]] ores such as [[pyrite]].
187: ...ell]]s. Selenium is also extensively used in rectifiers. - Aegean Sea (2751 bytes)
3: ...iota;γαίον Πέλαγος''', ''Aigaion Pel...
9: ...s, but navigation through the sea is generally difficult. Many of the islands are [[volcano|volcanic]]... - Molar (tooth) (1877 bytes)
5: ...cusps are arranged in a rectangle; there may be a fifth.
8: ... ridges that meet at an angle, forming the letter lambda.
9: ...mbdodont''': Like zalambdodont, but there are two lambdas on one tooth. - Hipparchus (astronomer) (50785 bytes)
4: ...scovery of [[precession]], the compilation of the first [[star catalogue]], and probably the invention...
16: ...r his name and show him with a [[globe]]; this confirms the tradition that he was born there.
22: ...recognized as the originator and father of scientific [[astronomy]]. He is believed to be the greates...
28: ...later references. However, achievements in these fields by middle-eastern civilizations, notably thos...
32: ...d to [[Kidinnu]]). Apparently Hipparchus only confirmed the validity of the periods he learned from t...
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