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- Steel (28384 bytes)
3: ...on, but is also more [[brittle]]. One classical definition is that steels are iron-carbon alloys with ...
5: ...carbon, if present, is undesired. A more recent definition is that steels are iron-based alloys that c...
8: ... carbon. This process, known as [[smelting]], was first applied to metals with lower [[melting]] point...
11: ... configuration, called '''[[austenite]]''' or '''γ-iron''', which is similarly soft and metallic bu...
13: ...cally [[metastable]] substance with about four to five times the strength of ferrite. Martensite has ... - Mae Jemison (5527 bytes)
1: ...eavour]], [[September 12]], [[1992]], she was the first non-white woman to go into space.
3: ...emison was Science Mission Specialist (a [[NASA]] first) on the [[STS-47]] Spacelab J flight, a [[Unit...
7: ...rs (1983-85) as an Area [[Peace Corps]] Medical Officer for [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Liberia]] in West A...
11: ...cience degree in [[Chemical Engineering]], and fulfilled the requirements for an A.B. in African and A...
15: ...er high achievements in historically exclusionary fields led [[Dartmouth College]] to invite her to it... - Calligraphy (20084 bytes)
2: ...;λος ''kallos'' "beauty" + γραφος ''graphos'' "w...
4: ...[[palaeography]]. Examples of ancient Roman [[graffiti]] are of interest to both calligraphers and pal...
10: ... an important art in [[East Asia]] and the most refined form of East Asian [[painting]].
12: ...sive style, literally "grass writingstyles"). All five styles of writing are still in use today.
14: ..., hiragana and katakana were developed from simplified cursive versions of characters. In the hands of... - Greek language (35285 bytes)
17: ... in the city of [[Rome]] and Koine Greek became a first or second language in the [[Roman Empire]]. Th...
19: ...reek]] during medieval [[Greek history]] as the official and vernacular language of the [[Byzantine Em...
32: ... alphabet]] in c. [[1000 BC]] and, with minor modifications, is still used today.
34: ...century|20th]] centuries. Demotic Greek is the official language of the modern Greek state, and the m...
38: ...n]] words, the foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary. See ''[[English words... - Ptolemy (10609 bytes)
5: ...''[[Almagest]]''' (in Greek ''Η μεγάλη Σύντα...
7: ... computational '[[Tables of Toledo]]') were of sufficient accuracy to satisfy the needs of astronomers...
11: The first part of the ''Geography'' is a discussion of t...
18: ...ps; an edition printed at [[Ulm]] in 1482 was the first one printed north of the Alps. The maps look d...
23: ...tices (such as considering the numerological significance of names) that he believed to be without sou... - Geography (8541 bytes)
2: ...'γεια'' ("Earth") and ''γραφειν'' ("to write...
11: ...eography]]. The [[ancient Greece|Greek]]s are the first known culture to actively explore geography as...
23: ...matic relationships between categories for a specific region or location on the planet.
24: * Descriptive - Simply specifies the locations of features and populations.
25: ...'why'' we find features and populations in a specific geographic area. - Pan pipes (2209 bytes)
2: ...reek language|Greek]] συριγξ) has long been popular as a folk instrument,...
4: ...equal length. In the traditional style, pipes are fine tuned to correct pitch by placing small pebbles...
8: ...ude '''panflute''' and the [[medieval]] name '''''fistula panis'''''.
10: ...ed by the [[Romania]]n [[musician]] [[Gheorghe Zamfir]], who toured extensively and recorded many albu... - Nile (13738 bytes)
8: ...name for the Nile was ''Aigyptos'' (Αιγυπτος), which itsel...
12: .... This is, for the most part, due to two reasons: first, the lengths of rivers vary over time (especia...
38: ... 1) it flows over 6 groups of cataracts, from the first at Aswan to the sixth at Sabaloka (just north ...
42: ...ediments carried eastward by currents nurture the fishing industries of the Eastern Mediterranean, or ...
46: ...Stone Age]]. Climate change - or perhaps [[desertification|overgrazing]] - about 10,000 years ago [[de... - Geology (12007 bytes)
1: ...ta;- (''ge-'', "the earth") and λογος (''logos'', "word", "reason")) ...
7: ...e year [[1779]]. An older meaning of the word was first used by [[Richard de Bury]]. He used it to dis...
12: ...ssils was not overturned until after the [[Scientific Revolution]]. It was translated into [[Latin]] a...
14: Georg Agricola (1494-1555) wrote the first systematic treatise about [[mining]] and [[sme...
16: ...ogic map|geological maps]]; Guettard recorded the first observation of the [[Volcano|volcanic]] origin... - Age of the Earth (20052 bytes)
1: ...ars, the exact age of the Earth is difficult to define. This article describes the modern dating metho...
3: == Prescientific notions ==
4: In the centuries preceding the [[scientific revolution]], the age of the Earth was determine...
8: == First concepts ==
9: ...he founder of [[Russia]]n science, was one of the first to undertake this exercise, suggesting in the ... - Alexander the Great (42049 bytes)
4: ...r of Macedon''', in Greek {{polytonic|Μέγας Ἀλέξα...
6: Following the unification of the multiple city states of [[Ancient Gr...
9: ...ed not by Philip, who was afraid of her and her affinity for sleeping in the company of snakes, but by...
11: ...he [[Oracle]] of Ammon at Siwah, according to all five of the extant historians ([[Arrian]], [[Quintus...
23: ...Halicarnassus]], Alexander successfully waged the first of many sieges, eventually forcing his opponen... - Pythagoras (10747 bytes)
2: Πυθαγόρας) was an [[Ionians | Io...
6: ...ratic]]s, grace smells one can say little with confidence about his life and teachings. Pythagoras an...
17: ...er [[taboo]]s, including the proper way to stir a fire or place one's shoes before going to sleep.
23: ...original teaching. Even today, scholars cannot definitively identify the "real" Pythagoreans.
25: ...mer, a pioneering scientist, or a wild [[shaman]]-figure. <!-- examples here might be nice --> The tru... - Astronomy (13970 bytes)
5: ...quite different; astronomers embrace the [[scientific method]], while astrologers do not.
10: ...Theoretical astrophysics is concerned mainly with figuring out the observational implications of diffe...
12: The fields of study can also be categorized in other way...
17: ...jects in the sky and their changes of position. Defines the system of coordinates used and the [[kinem...
60: ...High-energy astronomy]] includes X-ray astronomy, gamma-ray astronomy, and extreme UV (ultraviolet) astro... - Sun (20830 bytes)
39: | [[1 E18 m²|6.09]] [[scientific notation|×]] 10<sup>12</sup> [[square kilo...
128: ... a [[main sequence]] star, with a [[Stellar_classification|spectral class]] of G2, meaning that it is ...
136: ...tor). Tidal effects from the planets do not significantly affect the shape of the Sun, although the S...
138: ...ntre of the Sun. Nevertheless, the Sun has well defined interior structure, described below. The Sun'...
144: ... of 4.26 million tonnes per second or 383 [[SI prefix|yottawatts]] (9.15×10<sup>16</sup> tons of... - Asteroid (24334 bytes)
3: == Definition ==
4: ...1E&db_key=AST&high=41e14f475d05983 scientific paper] to use the word in its title was publishe...
6: The exact definition of an asteroid is unsettled. The term "mino...
8: ...assify asteroids is in terms of size. A working definition is that asteroids are larger than 50 m in d...
10: ...y objects that include asteroids. The term '''artificial asteroid''' is sometimes used to designate ma... - Venus (planet) (31010 bytes)
9: ... the planet as the ''Metal Star'', based on the [[Five Elements]].
14: ...se atmosphere, the temperature does not vary significantly between the night and day sides of Venus de...
18: ...se clouds is approximately −45°C. The official mean surface temperature of Venus, as given b...
27: ...nundate its surface with fresh lava. Other recent findings suggest that Venus is still volcanically ac...
29: .... This may be due to its slow rotation being insufficient to drive an internal [[dynamo]] of liquid ir... - Meditation (26064 bytes)
20: ...focus' need not include concentration on any specific item and may include intuitive inner 'quantum le...
53: ...s described in the [[Bible]] this period was a difficult one of struggle and [[temptation]]. [[Saint F...
58: ...at one can ''do''. But he said that it is very difficult for modern man to just sit and be in meditati...
65: ...e and inducing favorable [[brain wave]]s. (Scientific American 226: 84-90 (1972)) The meditative aspec...
67: ...community that mental factors such as stress significantly contribute to a lack of physical health, an... - Lightning (33113 bytes)
12: ...thread. As time passed Franklin noticed the loose fibers on the string stretching out; he then brought...
22: ...rt and energy is stored in the [[electric field|e-field]]s between them. The positively charged cryst...
24: ...e-field flows radially inward into the conductive filament.
26: ...d is higher on trees and tall buildings. If the e-field is high enough a discharge can initiate from t...
28: ... caused by violent forest fires which generate sufficient dust to create a static charge. - Nutrition (42689 bytes)
4: ...can be caused or alleviated by changes in diet. Deficiencies, excesses and imbalances in diet can prod...
5: ...nutrition attempts to understand how and why specific dietary aspects influence health.
10: ..., except in the unborn fetus, participates in the first step which makes the different chemical compou...
14: ...ation]] is very high. This makes [[science|scientifically]] valid nutritional study very time-consumin...
20: ...ily [[vegetarian]] with infrequent game meats and fish where available. - Hubble Space Telescope (50930 bytes)
38: |'''[[WFPC2]]'''||wide field camera
47: The future of Hubble is currently uncertain. Its final servicing mission was cancelled following the ...
54: ...ervatory would have over ground-based telescopes: first, the [[angular resolution]] (smallest separati...
56: ...a committee given the task of defining the scientific objectives for a large space telescope.
58: ...ce program, and 1966 saw [[NASA]]'s launch of the first [[Orbiting Astronomical Observatory]] (OAO) mi...
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