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- James Madison (15187 bytes)
21: ...fferson]]. In this capacity he became a prominent figure in [[Virginia]] state politics, helping to dr...
25: ...[[Federalist Papers]], which are considered the definitive contemporary commentary on the [[Constituti...
27: Madison wrote thirty of the eighty-five essays that comprise the Federalist Papers. His...
29: ... men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable government to control the governed; and...
31: ... federal government to form its own bank that the first political parties in the United States were fo... - James Monroe (11107 bytes)
18: ...], [[1758]] – [[July 4]], [[1831]]) was the fifth ([[1817]]–[[1825]]) [[President of the U...
24: ... States Senator]]. As Minister to [[France]] in [[1794]]-[[1796]], he displayed strong sympathies for th...
38: ...lso Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific coast. "... the American continents," he stated,...
42: ...ntation to pay off the debts, since then he never financially recovered. As a result, he and his wife ...
50: |align="left"|'''OFFICE'''||align="left"|'''NAME'''||align="left"|'''TE... - John Quincy Adams (11783 bytes)
18: ...]. He was the son of President [[John Adams]] and First Lady [[Abigail Adams|Abigail Smith]].
24: ...ppointed him Minister to the [[Netherlands]] in [[1794]], Minister to [[Portugal]] in [[1796]] and Minis...
43: |align="right"|'''OFFICE'''||align="left"|'''NAME'''||align="left"|'''TE...
78: ...humb|Adams posed for this photograph in 1843, the first taken of a US President]]
84: ...tly reinterred in the [http://www.ufpc.org United First Parish Church]. - Eli Whitney (3270 bytes)
14: Whitney is credited with creating the first [[cotton gin]] in [[1793]], a mechanical devic...
18: ...ted with Eli Whitney (along with other historical figures such as [[George Washington|George]] and [[M...
22: ...ing]] and the [[assembly line]], which he was the first to use when producing [[musket]]s for the U.S....
24: ... constructed individual items out of handmade and fitted pieces. Whitney's innovation consisted of mak...
26: ...ism as to give all that regularity, accuracy, and finish to the work which is there affected by a skil... - List of painters (54090 bytes)
114: *[[Thomas Mann Baynes]] ([[1794]]-[[1854]])
120: *[[Jasmine Becket-Griffith]]
218: *[[Charles Ephraim Burchfield]] ([[1893]]-[[1967]])
381: *[[Beverly K. Effinger]] ([[1955]]-)
394: *[[Mikhail Evstafiev]] ([[1963]]-) - Flag (13245 bytes)
3: ...e (communication)|semaphore]]), and for the identification of those who displayed them, and are still ...
9: ... that the [[Roman Empire]]'s ''vexillum'' was the first true flag.
15: ...World War I]] these were withdrawn from the battlefields, and have been used only at ceremonial occasi...
22: ... Faroe Islands|Faroe Islands]], [[Flag of Finland|Finland]], [[Flag of Iceland|Iceland]], [[Flag of No...
24: ... [[Flag of Australia |Australia]], [[Flag of Fiji|Fiji]], [[Flag of New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[Flag ... - List of inventors (14020 bytes)
33: *[[Theobald Boehm]], ([[1794]]-[[1881]]), [[Germany]] — inventor of the ...
73: ..., (1854-1932), [[United States|USA]] — roll film
83: *[[Adolf Eugen Fick]], (1829-1901) — [[contact lens]]
137: ...ited States|USA]] — [[Polaroid]] polarizing filters and the [[Land Camera]]
139: *[[Irving Langmuir]], (1851-1957), gas filled incandescent lamp, hydrogen welding - Timeline of United States history (1790-1819) (6951 bytes)
7: ...United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] ratified
8: *[[1791]] - [[First Bank of the United States]] chartered
14: *[[1794]] - [[Whiskey Rebellion]]
15: *[[1794]] - [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]]
35: ...rt]] to invalidate law passed by [[Congress]] for first time, the [[Judiciary Act (United States)#Judi... - Causes of the French Revolution (11170 bytes)
5: ...tives of the [[Second Estate|nobility]] and the [[First Estate|clergy]], the remnants of [[feudalism]]...
9: ...he bourgeoisie, as they did in France in 1793 and 1794, <nowiki>[</nowiki>that is to say, during the [[R...
13: ... resort to a legislature. Kings had managed their fiscal affairs by increasing the burden of the ancie...
15: This led to the long-running fiscal crisis of the French government. On the eve o...
17: ...se conflicts, but Britain had a far more advanced fiscal structure to deal with it. There was no coun... - French Revolution (36529 bytes)
2: ...end of absolutism and people as subjects and amplifies the power of the people, boosting them to the s...
21: ...itors of the confidence and stability of France's finances.
23: ...ly of Notables would restore confidence in French finances, and allow further borrowing until the land...
25: ...ing the convocation of the Estates-General within five years, but also attempted in the meanwhile to g...
27: ...8]], and Necker again took charge of the nation's finances. He used his position not to propose new r... - List of people associated with the French Revolution (16148 bytes)
5: ...s]] - younger brother of Louis XVI and one of the first émigrés.
6: ... - officer throughout the Revolutionary era and [[First French Empire|Empire]], general, later [[Marsh...
11: ...agnard'']], then a [[9 Thermidor|Thermidorian]], finally the main executive leader during the [[Frenc...
13: ...xiled to [[French Guiana]], returned during the [[First French Empire|Empire]]
20: ...n Bonaparte]] - French general, seized power as [[First Consul]] in the ''coup'' of [[18 Brumaire]] - Napoleonic Wars (44488 bytes)
3: ...ution]], and continued during the regime of the [[First French Empire]]. These wars revolutionized [[E...
5: ...on [[20 November]] [[1815]], following Napoleon's final [[Battle of Waterloo|defeat at Waterloo]] and ...
13: ...ng the Revolution). European monarchs found it difficult to reinstate pre-revolutionary [[absolute mon...
14: ...red years following Napoleon's wars, not based on fiefs and aristocracy, but on the basis of human cul...
15: ...lthough Napoleon's defeat set the thought of a unified Europe back over one and a half centuries, the ... - Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
4: ...s the [[Age of Reason]]. The term also more specifically refers to a historical intellectual movement...
16: ...observation, resulted in a coherent system of verifiable predictions and set the tone for much of what...
18: ...If the previous era was the age of reasoning from first principles, Enlightenment thinkers saw themsel...
20: ...s shift united the pure empiricism of Renaissance figures such as Sir [[Francis Bacon (philosopher)|Fr...
24: ... reflected the intrinsic quality of a person as defined by the philosophers of the age. [[John Locke]]... - List of chemists (10401 bytes)
56: *[[Hermann Emil Fischer]], (1852-1919), not to be confused with :
57: *[[Franz Joseph Emil Fischer]]
58: *[[Hans Fischer]], German organic chemist, [[1930]] [[Nobel ...
64: *[[Johan Gadolin]], (1760–1852), [[Finns|Finnish]] chemist
104: *[[Antoine Lavoisier]], (1743-1794), French pioneer chemist - James Cook (14770 bytes)
3: ...[[navigator]]. He made three voyages to the [[Pacific Ocean]], in which its main shorelines were mappe...
7: ...r the town of [[Middlesbrough]]. Cook was one of five children born to Grace and James, Sr., who work...
8: ... tradition, it is during his time there that Cook first felt the lure of the [[sea]] while gazing out ...
14: ...s, courage in exploring dangerous locations to confirm the facts (''e.g.'' dipping into the Antarctic ...
16: ==First voyage ([[1768]]-[[1771]])== - Honolulu, Hawaii (19495 bytes)
10: mayor = [[Mufi Hannemann]] |
41: It is not known when Honolulu was first settled by the original [[Polynesian]]s. Oral...
43: ... of England was the first foreigner to sail, in [[1794]], into what is now Honolulu Harbor. More foreig...
55: ...cipal services: civil defense, emergency medical, fire, parks and recreation, police, sanitation, stre...
57: The current mayor of Honolulu is [[Mufi Hannemann]] (term ends [[January]] [[2009]]). - List of mathematicians (37424 bytes)
17: *[[Lars Ahlfors|Lars Valerian Ahlfors]] (Finland, [[1907]] - [[1996]])
168: *[[Marquis de Condorcet]] (France, [[1743]] - [[1794]])
186: *[[Germinal Pierre Dandelin]] (France, Belgium, [[1794]] - [[1847]])
195: *[[Bruno de Finetti]] (Italy, [[1906]] - [[1985]])
254: *[[Leonardo of Pisa|Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci]] (Italy, [[1170]] - [[1250]]) - List of astronomers (40322 bytes)
29: *[['Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi]], ([[Persia]], [[903]] – [[986]])
205: *[[Erwin Findlay-Freundlich]] ([[1885]] – [[1964]])
375: *[[George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield]] ([[Britain]], c. [[1697]] – [[1764]])
434: *[[Friedrich Wilhelm Opelt]] ([[Germany]], [[1794]] – [[1863]])
437: *[[Liisi Oterma]] ([[Finland]], [[1915]] – [[2001]]) - List of philosophers (79981 bytes)
6: *[[Firmin Abauzit]], (1679-1767)
165: *[[Cesare, Marquis of Beccaria]], (1738-1794){{fn|C}}
267: *[[Claude Buffier]], (1661-1737){{fn|R}}
319: *[[Petr Iakovlevich Chaadev]], (1794-1856){{fn|R}}
348: *[[Andrea Christofidou]] - Cotton gin (2185 bytes)
2: ...e machine quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seedpods and the sometimes sticky se...
6: ...ted with Eli Whitney (along with other historical figures such as [[George Washington|George]] and [[M...
10: ...ld. This made the widespread raising of cotton profitable in the [[American South]], and is often cons...
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