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- Steel (28384 bytes)
3: ...on, but is also more [[brittle]]. One classical definition is that steels are iron-carbon alloys with ...
5: ...carbon, if present, is undesired. A more recent definition is that steels are iron-based alloys that c...
8: ... carbon. This process, known as [[smelting]], was first applied to metals with lower [[melting]] point...
11: ...dy-centered cubic to a [[face-centered cubic]] configuration, called '''[[austenite]]''' or '''γ...
13: ...cally [[metastable]] substance with about four to five times the strength of ferrite. Martensite has ... - List of people by name: Ab (7347 bytes)
10: *[[Firmin Abauzit|Abauzit, Firmin]], (1679-1767), French scientist
15: ...nk Abbandando|Abbandando, Frank]], (1910-1942), Mafia hitman
22: ...a Ahmad Abbas|Abbas, Khwaja Ahmad]], (1914-1987), film director
31: *[[Robert Abbot|Abbot, Robert]], (1588?-1662?), English Puritan divine
99: *[[Abram|Abraham]], (circa 1800 BC), Biblical figure - Elizabeth I of England (34338 bytes)
7: ...Good Queen Bess''', Elizabeth I was the fifth and final monarch of the [[Tudor dynasty]], having succe...
9: ...is era. In addition, [[Francis Drake]] became the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe; [[Fran...
18: ... before her death. Later, Parker would become the first Archbishop of [[Canterbury]] after Elizabeth b...
25: .... In [[1553]], however, Edward died at the age of fifteen, having left a will which purported to super...
27: ...r house arrest under the guard of Sir Henry Bedingfield; by the end of that year, when Mary was falsel... - Algeria (16548 bytes)
3: ...1585;اطية الشعبية'''<br>'''Al-Jumh$...
19: | '''[[Official language]]''' || [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
21: ...r language|Berber]], [[French language|French unofficial but commonly used in administration]]
62: ...n [[Hafsid]]s, and Moroccan [[Merinid]]s. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, [[Spain]] started...
64: ...Mediterranean resulted in the [[First Barbary War|First]] and [[Second Barbary War]] with the [[United... - Jordan (20715 bytes)
3: ...1610;ّة الهاشميّة<br>(Al Mamlakah al U...
19: | '''[[Official language]]'''
69: ...ameluks]], [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turks, and, finally, the British. At the end of [[World War I]],...
75: ...erritory occupied by Israel and believes that its final status should be determined through direct neg...
77: ...nty and security of the Hashemite state, and open fighting erupted in June 1970. - The Gambia (13678 bytes)
18: | '''[[Official language]]'''
57: ...Empire of Ghana]] and the [[Songhai Empire]]. The first written accounts of the region come from recor...
59: ...a River]] to English merchants; this grant was confirmed by letters patent from [[Queen Elizabeth I]]....
63: ...British tried unsuccessfully to end the slave traffic in The Gambia. They established the military pos...
67: ...mes. The relative stability of the Jawara era was first broken by a violent, unsuccessful coup attempt... - Sudan (18856 bytes)
2: ... '''Republic of Sudan''' (in recent years the [[definite article]] has increasingly been dropped in co...
15: official_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ...
64: ...southern army officers that sparked 17 years of [[First Sudanese Civil War|civil war]] from [[1955]] t...
70: ...civilian government. However the civil war intensified in lethality and the economy continued to deter...
74: ...reas and others reports indicated that widespread fighting was continuing. - Dahshur (1070 bytes)
1: '''Dahshur''' (Arabic دهشور ''Dahšūr'' [often inco...
5: ...onstruction, while the Red Pyramid is the world's first "true", or smooth-sided pyramid. - Pilgrims (4873 bytes)
10: ...s dealt with by the defeat of the [[Armada]] of [[1588]] but this was not the only nor last threat from ...
17: Realizing that it would require a significant additional voyage to reach their goal, the Pi...
20: ...ded, however. "The Great Sickness" killed nearly fifty percent of their population. This sickness ma... - List of painters (54090 bytes)
120: *[[Jasmine Becket-Griffith]]
218: *[[Charles Ephraim Burchfield]] ([[1893]]-[[1967]])
381: *[[Beverly K. Effinger]] ([[1955]]-)
394: *[[Mikhail Evstafiev]] ([[1963]]-)
412: *[[Stanislaw Fijalkowski]] ([[1922]]-) - Donatello (10376 bytes)
2: ...|right|thumb|150px|Statue of Donatello at the [[Uffizi]]]]
7: ...ntually construct the cupola of [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] in Florence, while Donatello acquired his kn...
10: ...stinct elements of the classical ideal. All these figures were carved in marble and are admirably conc...
14: ...inally occupied a niche at Orsanmichele, were the first works in bronze which owed their origin to the...
16: ...and of the pulpit of [[Basilica di San Lorenzo di Firenze|San Lorenzo]] in Florence. - William Shakespeare (28915 bytes)
1: ...[Chandos portrait]], artist and authenticity unconfirmed.]]
4: ...the range and depth of human emotions. A colossal figure in world literature, Shakespeare's legacy and...
6: ...] attributed to him are often uncertain. His prolific output is especially impressive in light of the ...
19: ...ce he was entitled to, although this cannot be confirmed because the school's records have not survive...
23: On [[May 26]], [[1583]] Shakespeare's first child, Susanna, was baptised at Stratford. A s... - Giordano Bruno (15356 bytes)
7: He was born named Filippo in [[Nola]], in [[Campania]], the son of Gio...
10: ...s are the four [[classical element]]s: earth, air fire, water]]
11: ...inas]], [[Averroes]], [[Duns Scotus]], [[Marsilio Ficino]], and [[Nicholas of Cusa]].
17: ...e our [[Sun]], that the universe was [[infinity|infinite]], with a "Plurality of Worlds", and that all...
21: ...makes a case that Bruno is the previously unidentified 'Henry Fagot' whose reports to Francis Walsingh... - Michel de Montaigne (5245 bytes)
10: Montaigne married in 1565; he had five daughters, but only one survived childhood. In ...
12: ...e in his library he began work on his ''Essays'', first published in [[1580]].
22: ...and oversee the publication of his ''Essays''. In 1588 he met the writer [[Marie de Gournay]] who admire...
33: ... and especially himself, with utter frankness. He finds the great variety and volatility of human natu... - Gerardus Mercator (3294 bytes)
9: ...suited for copper engraving of maps. He wrote the first instruction book of italic script to be publis...
12: ...ve]] in [[1564]]. He devised a new projection and first used it in [[1569]]; it had parallel lines of ...
15: ...1585]] and of the [[Balkan]]s and [[Greece]] in [[1588]], further maps were published in [[1595]] after ...
22: ...phicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura'' (Atlas, or Cosmographical Meditations on th... - Francis Drake (14963 bytes)
2: ... fleet which defeated the [[Spanish Armada]] in [[1588]].
9: ...n Hawkins]]. Together, Hawkins and Drake made the first English [[Atlantic slave trade|slave-trading]]...
11: == First adventures ==
12: Around [[1563]] Drake first sailed west to the [[Spanish Main]], drawn by ...
13: ...ng [[Philip II of Spain]], and so was unable to officially acknowledge Drake's accomplishment. Such in... - List of mathematicians (37424 bytes)
17: *[[Lars Ahlfors|Lars Valerian Ahlfors]] (Finland, [[1907]] - [[1996]])
195: *[[Bruno de Finetti]] (Italy, [[1906]] - [[1985]])
254: *[[Leonardo of Pisa|Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci]] (Italy, [[1170]] - [[1250]])
255: *[[John Charles Fields]] (Canada, [[1863]] - [[1932]])
256: *[[Thomas Fincke]] (Denmark, [[1561]] - [[1656]]) - Thomas Hobbes (26163 bytes)
4: '''Thomas Hobbes''' ([[April 5]], [[1588]] – [[December 4]], [[1679]]) was a noted [...
10: ...y]], [[Wiltshire]], [[England]] on [[April 5]], [[1588]]. His father, the [[vicar]] of [[Charlton (Wilts...
14: ...des]]'s [[History of the Peloponnesian War]], the first translation of that work into [[English langua...
16: Although he associated with literary figures like [[Ben Jonson]] and thinkers such as [[...
20: ...passions whereby Man came into relation with Man. Finally he considered, in his crowning treatise, how... - List of philosophers (79981 bytes)
6: *[[Firmin Abauzit]], (1679-1767)
267: *[[Claude Buffier]], (1661-1737){{fn|R}}
348: *[[Andrea Christofidou]]
387: *[[Lady Anne Finch Conway]], (1631-1679){{fn|C}}{{fn|O}}{{fn|R}}
430: *[[Bruno de Finetti]], (1906-1985){{fn|O}} - Quran (41479 bytes)
14: ... say that they were created after Muhammad. Only five [[pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions]] survive.)
16: ...cographers came to seek out Bedouin to explain difficult words or elucidate points of grammar. Partly...
18: ... "The Qur'an." The title must always include a defining adjective (avoiding conceivable confusion wit...
28: ...ch with [[metre]] and [[rhyme]]) nor [[prose]] (defined as normal speech or rhymed but non-metrical sp...
38: ...ive a less loose example, the whole of surat [[al-Fil]]:
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