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- Steel (28384 bytes)
3: ...h higher carbon content than this are known as [[cast iron|iron]].
5: ...based alloys that can be [[plasticity (physics)|plastically]] formed (pounded, rolled, etc.).
8: ...th ancient methods that have been in use for at least 6000 years (since the [[Bronze Age]]). Since the ...
13: ...nt allotrope is [[martensite]], a chemically [[metastable]] substance with about four to five times the...
15: ...ace. The transformation into martensite, by contrast, occurs almost immediately, due to a lower activa... - Melisende of Jerusalem (16880 bytes)
9: ...ende who did rule, however, included [[Urraca of Castile]] ([[1080]]-[[1129]]), [[Empress Maud]] ([[110...
37: ...usade]] was a complete military and diplomatic disaster, plagued by in-fighting and poor planning, all ...
39: ...ndor and comforts that western Europe's draughty castles and poor sanitation lacked. From fine quality ...
45: ... Tension between mother and son mounted between [[1150]] and [[1152]], with Baldwin blaming Manasses for...
59: ...er mother, bequeathed property to the Orthodox monastery of Saint S'eba. - Agnes of Courtenay (6051 bytes)
3: ...t of [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]] was lost in [[1150]]. Her first husband was Reynald of Marash, who l...
15: ...ng younger, was at that point was considered at least equally entitled to succeed. The process consiste... - Hildegard of Bingen (14070 bytes)
3: ...rman people|German]] [[abbess]], [[Monasticism|monastic]] leader, [[Mystics|mystic]], author, and compo...
6: ...ity, and eventually moved the group to a new [[monastery]] on the Rupertsberg at Bingen on the [[Rhine]...
12: ...re brain. And so it kindled my whole heart and breast like a flame, not burning but warming... and sudd...
24: ...rd also authored ''Physica and Causae et Curae'' (1150), both works on natural history and curative powe...
32: ...brings with it sensual delight, communicates the taste of that delight during the act and summons forth... - Medieval art (6359 bytes)
3: ...story|Europe]], the [[Islamic art history|Middle East]] and North Africa. It includes the major art mov...
15: ...iconoclasm]] halted the production of art in the East. During this period Christian artists adopted the...
27: ...most of which have not survived due to natural disasters and the re-appropriation of churches to [[mosq...
29: ...tyle. [[Gothic sculpture]] was born in France in 1150 and spread throughout Europe, by the 13th century... - Blast furnace (4721 bytes)
1: A '''blast furnace''' is a type of [[furnace]] for [[smeltin...
4: ...1150]] and [[1350]]. It is unclear whether the blast furnace was independently developed there, or whe...
6: ...]], and the use of a [[coal]]-derived fuel made blast furnace-based iron smelting significantly less ex...
9: ...heated air was blown into the middle, thus the "blast", allowing combustion in the middle of the mixtur...
23: ... impurities. For some time, the product of the blast furnace was used almost directly as [[wrought iro... - Medieval music (31843 bytes)
23: == Early Medieval music ( -1150)==
25: ...s a strong influence on Christian chanting. The eastern traditions of the Byzantine Church were also a...
32: ...stable, relatively literate setting of western monasteries during the reign of Charlemagne.
38: Chant survived and prospered in monasteries and religious centers throughout the chaotic...
44: ...round the end of the ninth century, singers in monasteries such as St. Gall in Switzerland began experi... - Castle (27805 bytes)
1: ...thworks]] (e.g. [[Hollingbury]] Castle, [[Maiden Castle]]).
2: ...to the dwelling, resulting in many un-castlelike castles and ''[[chaux]]''.
4: Castles also figure prominently in [[History of Japan|...
5: ...:Prague_castle2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Prague Castle Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com ...
6: ==Purpose of castles== - Phoenix, Arizona (34271 bytes)
8: * the eighth-fastest growing metropolitan area in the U.S. (2000 ce...
49: ...l farming colony approximately four miles (6 km) east of the present city (about 22 miles west of Mesa,...
51: ...ould later become Hellinwg Mill, Mill City, then East Phoenix. As for the town that was to be built, S...
55: ...June 15]], [[1868]], with Jack Swilling as [[postmaster]].
70: ...became a trade center with its products reaching eastern and western markets. In recognition of the inc... - Des Moines, Iowa (13222 bytes)
2: [[Image:IowaStateCapitol.jpg|thumb|300px|The State Capitol of Io...
83: ...]] and Iowa Highway 5 form a freeway loop to the east and south of the city. [[U.S. Highway 6|U.S. Hig...
87: ...s through Osceola, the [[California Zephyr]], go east to [[Chicago]] and as far west as [[Oakland, Cali...
97: *[http://www.kwky.com/welcome.htm KWKY] 1150, christian talk, music
102: ...e (Generally music) Classical, Jazz, Public Broadcasting - List of philosophers (79981 bytes)
109: *[[Georg Anton Friedrich Ast]], (1778-1841)
110: *[[Mary Astell]], (1666-1731){{fn|C}}{{fn|R}}
128: *[[Gaston Bachelard]], (1884-1962){{fn|C}}{{fn|O}}{{fn|R}...
155: *[[Sebastiano Basso]], (16th century)
311: *[[Hector-Neri Casta񄤔]], (1924-1991){{fn|C}} - Olmec (8916 bytes)
11: ... to Aztecs, extracted [[latex]] from ''Castilla elastica,'' a type of [[rubber tree]] in the area. The ...
14: ...distinctively Olmec features begin to emerge at c.1150 BCE. The rise of [[civilization]] here was probab...
43: *U-Kix-chan - Founder of the ruling dynasty of B'aakal, a Maya kingdom at [[Palenque]].
47: ...st notably the [[Maya civilization|Maya]] to the east, the [[Zapotec]] to the southwest, and the [[Teot... - Sumer (14409 bytes)
14: ...ist]] contains a traditional list of the early dynasties, much of it probably mythical. The first name...
16: The dynasty of Lagash is well known through important monume...
18: ...he Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean. He is the last ethnically Sumerian king before the arrival of th...
21: ...ere in turn defeated by the [[Elamites]] around [[1150 BC]].
24: ...d [[pig]]s. They used [[ox]]en as their primary beasts of burden and [[donkey]]s as their primary trans... - Ashkelon (5935 bytes)
1: ... [[Philistines|Philistine]] seaport on the east coast of the Mediterranian sea just north of [[Gaza]]. ...
8: ...ned tunnel-like barrel vault, coated with white plaster, to support the superstructure: it is the oldes...
10: ...faced with stone, followed the same footprint, a vast semi-circle protecting Ashkalon on the landward s...
12: ...of a small ceramic tabernacle was found a finely cast bronze statuette of a bull calf, originally silve...
14: ...Medes (653-625 BC). When this vast seaport, the last of the Philistine cities to hold out against [[Ne... - Erbium (9509 bytes)
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100: | 1150 kJ/mol - Iron (23778 bytes)
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146: ...ermediate step on the way from [[iron ore]] to [[cast iron]] and [[steel]].
147: ...d and brittle. Working cast iron, even white hot cast iron, tends to break the object.
156: ...200 BC, iron was used increasingly in the Middle East, but did not supplant the dominant use of [[bronz...
159: ...y BC, there was a rapid transition in the Middle East from bronze to iron tools and weapons. The critic... - Silicon (13233 bytes)
44: ...ctor]] devices, and [[silicone]]s, the latter a plastic substance often confused with silicon. Silicon ...
58: ...dely used in applications such as artificial [[breast implant]]s and contact lenses.
77: ...alled ''metallurgical grade silicon'' and is at least 99% pure.
88: ...that if silicon is melted and re-solidified, the last parts of the mass to solidify contain most of the...
90: ...d will have been moved into the end that was the last to be melted. This end is then cut off and disca... - History of science in the Middle Ages (30877 bytes)
2: ...European history]], scientific advances in the [[Eastern world]] will also be accounted for in the pres...
4: ...ped in this golden period of [[Scholasticism|Scholastic philosophy]] focused on [[logic]] and advocated...
11: ... cultural life was concentrated at [[monastery|monasteries]].]]
14: ...of intellectual strength, especially through [[monasticism]].
16: ...rsued more for practical reasons (e.g., medicine, astronomical timekeeping) than as an abstract inquiry... - Elamite Empire (23098 bytes)
4: ...rn [[Iran]]. The Elamite period is considered to last from ca. [[2700 BC]] to [[539 BC]], with a preced...
13: ...sation found in the Indus Valley somewhat to the East, but such links are at best conjectural, as [[Ind...
19: ...period ends with the establishment of the Awan dynasty. The first attestation of the name of the kingd...
21: ...plateau]]; examples of Elamite remains north and east of Iran are [[Sialk]] in [[Isfahan Province]] and...
25: ... 1600 BC (earliest documents until the Eprati dynasty)
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