Senet
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Senet is a board game from ancient Egypt.
Senet may be the oldest board game in the world. Other contenders for this title include Go and Oware, although is impossible to prove which game is the oldest. The oldest remnants of any ancient board game are those of Senet, found in a painting from the tomb of Merknera (3300-2700 BC) (See external link below). Therefore, Senet is the oldest board game whose ancient existence has been confirmed.
Another painting of this ancient game is from the Third Dynasty tomb of Hesy (c. 2686-2613 BC). It is depicted in a painting in the tomb of Rashepes (c. 2500 BC).
By the time of the New Kingdom in Egypt (1567-1085 BC), it had become a kind of talisman for the journey of the dead. Because of the element of luck in the game and the Egyptian belief in determinism, it was believed that a successful player was under the protection of the major gods of the national pantheon : Re, Thoth, and sometimes Osiris. Consequently, Senet boards were often placed in the grave alongside other useful objects for the dangerous journey through the underworld, and the game is referenced in Chapter XVII of the Book of the Dead.
The game was also adopted in the Levant and as far as Cyprus and Crete but with apparently less religious significance.
How to play
Despite the survival of Senet boards and pieces, the method for actually playing the game is a topic of some debate. Timothy Kendall and R.C. Bell are two Senet historians who have proposed (different) sets of rules to play the game.