Second Manchu expedition to Korea
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Template:Koreanname noimageThe Manchu Qing Empire made the second expedition to Korea in 1637 and brought the country into submission. In Korea, this event is called Byeongja-Horan, which is insulting to the Manchus.
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Background
After the first Manchu expedition to Korea, the Joseon Dynasty continued to defy the Manchus. Trade was in bad condition and Korea did not return fugitives from Later Jin. In addition, Korea took a defiant attitude when Hong Taiji declared the new dynasty of Qing. Korean delegates refused to kowtow to Hong Taiji at the ceremony and threw away the diplomatic correspondence where Hong Taiji was referred to as the emperor. The Manchu delegates Inggūldai and Mafuta got a cold reception in Hanseong (Seoul) where Korean soldiers stood in the shadow. The delegates were shocked and fled back to Qing.
The Korean court was dominated by the pro-war party. However, they did not enhance military power. In addition, a warlike message to Pyong'ando was carelessly seized by Inggūldai.
War
In the winter, Hong Taiji himself led Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese Banners and Mongol army to Korea. Dodo rushed to Hanseong to prevent King Injo from fleeing to Ganghwa Island as Korean kings traditionally did. Failing to escape to the island, the king took refuge in the Namhansan fortress, which was immediately besieged by the Manchu army. The Korean army in the fortress suffered from scarcity of food and ammunition. While Korean officials had unrealistic debates, Dorgon occupied Ganghwa Island in a day and captured the second son and concubines of King Injo, which made him offer his submission. King Injo yielded up three pro-war officers to Qing.
The following were the conditions of peace:
- Korea becomes a dependency of the Qing Dynasty.
- Korea breaks away with the suzerain Ming.
- Korea offers the first and second sons of King Injo, and sons or brothers of ministers as hostages.
- Korea pays tribute to Qing as she has done to Ming.
- Korea will serve in the war against Ming.
- Korea offers army and ships to attack an island.
- Qing does not allow Korea to build castles without restraint.
- Qing allows Korea to trade with Japan.
Hong Taiji set up a platform in Samjeondo--the upper reach of the Han River. At the top of the platform he accepted King Injo's surrender. King Injo kowtowed to him and begged his forgiveness.
Afterwards
Northern and middle Korea was devastated by war. Although the Manchu army was strict in discipline, the Mongol soldiers plundered cities.
In accordance with the terms of surrender, Korea sent troops to attack Pi Island at the mouth of the Yalu River. The Koreans are said to have massacred Chinese there more brutally than the Manchus.
Hong Taiji ordered Korea to put up a monument in honor of the excellent virtues of the Manchu Emperor. In 1639 the monument was erected at Samjeondo, where the ceremony of surrender had been conducted.
Korea continued to take a defiant attitude, although privately, to the Qing Dynasty while she officially yielded obedience. Korean scholars secretly used Ming's era name even after her collapse. They thought that Korea was the legitimate successor of Chinese civilization instead of "barbaric" Qing. King Hyojong, who lived as a hostage for seven years in Mukden, planned an unrealistic expedition to Qing called Bukbeol (北伐).
Beginning in 1639 and continuing throughout the rest of the Joseon Dynasty, the Korean court trained a corps of professional Korean-Manchu translators. These replaced earlier interpreters of Jurchen, who had been trained using the Jurchen script. The official designation was changed from "Jurchen" to "Manchu" in 1667. The first textbooks for this purpose were drawn up by Shin Gye-Am, who had also been an interpreter of Jurchen and transliterated old Jurchen textbooks for the purpose.