Polyphase quadrature filter
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A polyphase quadrature filter, or PQF is a filter bank, which splits an input signal into a given number N (mostly a power of 2) of equidistant sub-bands. These sub-bands are subsampled by a factor of N, so they are critically sampled.
This critical sampling introduces aliasing. Similar to the MDCT time domain alias cancellation the aliasing of polyphase quadrature filters is canceled by neighbouring sub-bands, i.e. signals are typically stored in two sub-bands.
Note that signal in odd subbands is stored frequency inverted.
PQF filters are used in MPEG Layer I and II, in MPEG Layer III with an additional MDCT, in MPEG-4 AAC-SSR for the 4 band PQF bank and in MPEG-4 V3 SBR for the analysis of the upper spectral replicated band.
PQF has an advantage over the very similar stacked quadrature mirror filter (QMF). Delay is much lower, computational effort is much lower.
A PQF filter bank is constructed using a base filter, which is a low-pass at fs/4N. This lowpass is modulated by a N cosine functions and converted to N band-passes with a bandwidth of fs/2N.
The base lowpass is typically a FIR filter with a length of 10*N ... 24*N taps. Note that it is also possible to build PQF filters using recursive IIR filters.
Computation
There are different formulas possible, most of them are based on the MDCT, but are slightly modified.