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This is a work in progress; please excuse our mess while this new version is polished up. For a stable version of this article, see Pixel.'
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Pixel
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A pixel (a contraction of picture element) is one of many tiny dots that make up the representation of a picture. This term is usually used in reference to computers, but can also be used to refer to something like a picture on a floor made with a mosaic of tiles. Computers generally work with pixels as a rectangular grid (array or matrix) since that is the easiest to work with, but the pixels could be arranged randomly, and the pixels themselves could be randomly-sized amorphous blobs. This is not a theoretical issue for computers, since input devices (scanners and digital cameras) and output devices (printers and monitors) often have non-grid arrangements and/or pixels with unusual properties.
A pixel is a logical concept; it may or may not correspond directly to whatever the input or output device has:
- Standard LCD displays have a rectangular grid of physical pixels, each divided horizontally into 3 sub-pixels. The sub-pixels are red, blue, and green, in tha order, starting from the left, although in some cases they are in the reverse (BGR) order. Since LCD displays work in a digital manner, the computer's pixels always appear in a predictable location. This means that sub-pixels can be manipulated in a color version of anti-aliasing; the best-known version of this is called Sub-Pixel Font Rendering, which Microsoft uses it in its ClearType™ technology in Windows XP. The number of physical pixels horizontally and vertically is the display's native resolution. Lower resolutions are emulated by the display's curcuitry, by using more than one physical pixel for each logical pixel. Thus, best results are typically obtained using native resolution, i.e., the same logical pixel resolution as the physical pixel resolution. This allows Sub-Pixel Font Rendering to work properly, and also eliminates fuzziness due to interpolation.
- Standard color CRT displays are covered with triads; each trio consists of 3 dots of phosphorus. The diagonal distance between triads is called the dot pitch; the dot pitch divided into the size of the display gives the native resolution, which is the highest resolution that can be displayed. A pixel consists of one or more triads. Since CRTs are inherently analog devices, the use of Sub-Pixel Font Rendering gives results that are slightly worse than standard anti-aliasing. These displays typically use a triad pattern which is good for motion.
- Sony Trinitron displays are covered with vertical stripes, and look much like LCD displays. These displays have a native horizontal resolution which corresponds to the number of 3-color stripes. The width of each three-color stripe is called the stripe pitch. Vertical resolution is limited only by the display's circuitry. Since these displays are still inherently analog, Sub-Pixel Font Rendering does slightly worse than standard anti-aliasing. These displays are good for straight vertical and horizonal lines.
- Older digital cameras can only detect one color per pixel; thus, they are similar to sub-pixels on an LCD screen. Typically, depending upon the pattern chosen, about half of the pixels detect green, because the human eye is more sensitive to green than other colors. The color information is interpolated by the camera firmware to produce the final digital picture. Because of this, the actual resolution of the picture can be as low as a quarter of the rated resolution. The processing by the camera firmware is partially responsible for the longish delay time after a picture is taken before the camera is ready to be used again.
- Many newer digital cameras use Foveon X3 (http://www.foveon.com/X3_tech.html) sensors, introduced in late 2002, which can detect full color at each pixel on a rectangular grid.
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(not sure I like this list format, but will see how it goes. Suggestions?)
In the case of CRT displays, a pixel created by a computer is made up of one or more triads
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in a computer's memory. Usually the dots are so small and so numerous that, when printed on paper or displayed on a computer monitor, they appear to merge into a smooth image. The colour and intensity of each dot is chosen individually by the computer to represent a small area of the picture. The example below shows a former Wikipedia logo with a portion greatly enlarged. The different shades of grey blend together to create the illusion of a smooth image. Note that sometimes (as in the example here) the edge pixels of text are reduced in shade to produce a less stepped look when viewed at normal size. This is called anti-aliasing.
Technical
The more pixels used to represent an image, the closer the result will resemble the original. The number of pixels in an image is called the resolution. This can be expressed as a single number, as in a 'three megapixel' digital camera, which has three million pixels, or as a pair of numbers, as in a '640 by 480 display', which has 640 pixels from side to side and 480 from top to bottom (as in a VGA display), and therefore has a total number of 640 × 480 = 307,200 pixels.
The coloured dots that form a digitized image (such as a JPG file used on a web page) are also called pixels. Depending on how a computer displays an image, these may not be in one-to-one correspondence with screen pixels. In areas where the distinction is important, the dots in the image file may be called texels.
In computer programming, an image composed of pixels is known as a bitmapped image or a raster image. The word raster originates from analogue television technology. Bitmapped images are used to encode digital video and to produce computer-generated art.
Since the resolution of the computer display can be adjusted from the computer's operating system, a pixel is a purely relative measurement. The modern computer display is designed with a native resolution which refers to the perfect match between pixels and triads. The native resolution will produce the sharpest picture capable from the display. However since the user can adjust the resolution, the monitor must be capable of displaying the resolution, which is accomplished by drawing each pixel out of more than one triad. This process usually results in a fuzzy picture. For example, a display with a native resolution of 1280x1024 will look best set at 1280x1024 resolution, will display 800x600 adequately by drawing each pixel with more physical triads, and will be unable to display in 1600x1200 at all due to the lack of physical triads.
Usually a non-native resolution is better displayed on a CRT than on an LCD.
Pixels are either rectangular or square. A number called the aspect ratio describes the squareness of a pixel. For example, a 1.25:1 aspect ratio means that each pixel is 1.25 times wider than it is high. Pixels on computer monitors are usually square, but pixels used in digital video have non-square shapes, such as the D1 aspect ratio.
Each pixel in a monochrome image has its own brightness. Zero usually represents black, and the maximum value possible represents white. For example, in an eight-bit image, the maximum unsigned value that can be stored by eight bits is 255, so this is the value used for white.
In a colour image, each pixel has its own brightness and colour, usually represented as a triplet of red, green and blue intensities (see RGB). Full-colour LCD flat panels and CRT monitors use pixels made of 3 sub-pixels.
The number of distinct colours that can be represented by a pixel depends on the number of bits per pixel (BPP). Common values are:
- 8 bpp (256 colours)
- 16 bpp (65,536 colours, known as Highcolour)
- 24 bpp (16,777,216 colours, known as Truecolour).
Images composed of 256 colours or fewer are usually stored in the computer's video memory in chunky or planar format, where a pixel in memory is an index into a list of colours called a palette. These modes are therefore sometimes called indexed modes. While only 256 colours are displayed at once, those 256 colours are picked from a much larger palette, typically of 16 million colours. Changing the values in the palette permits a kind of animation effect. The animated startup logo of Windows 95 and Windows 98 is probably the best-known example of this kind of animation.
For depths larger than 8 bits, the number is the total of the three RGB (red, green and blue) components. A 16-bit depth is usually divided into five bits for each of red and blue, and six bits for green (green gets more bits because the eye is more sensitive to that colour). A 24-bit depth allows 8 bits per component. On some systems, 32-bit depth is available: this means that each 24-bit pixel has an extra 8 bits to describe its opacity. On older systems, 4 bpp (16 colours) is also common.
When an image file is displayed on a screen, the number of bits per pixel is expressed separately for the raster file and for the display. Some raster file formats have a greater bit-depth capability than others. The GIF format, for example, has a maximum depth of 8 bits, while TIFF files can handle 48-bit pixels. There are no displays that can display 48 bits of colour, so this depth is typically used for specialized professional applications with film scanners and printers. Such files are rendered on a screen with 24-bit depth.
Other objects derived from the pixel, such as the voxel (volume element), texel (texture element) and surfel (surface element), have been created for other computer graphics uses.
Sub-pixel
On both full-colour LCD flat panels and CRT monitors, each pixel is constructed from three sub-pixels for the three colours, spaced closely together. Each single-colour sub-pixel is brightened according to the triplicate number reference, and due to their proximity, they create an illusion of being one specially-tinted pixel.
A recent technique for increasing the apparent resolution of a colour display, named sub-pixel font rendering, uses knowledge of pixel geometry to manipulate the three coloured sub-pixels separately, which seems to be most effective with LCD displays set at native resolution. This is a form of anti-aliasing, and is mostly used to improve the appearance of text. Microsoft's ClearType™, which is available in Windows XP, is an example of this.
QUIZ: If a monochrome display has 800 pixels across on each line what is the maximum horizontal
resolution of the display ?
Megapixel
A megapixel is 1 million pixels, and is usually used in reference to digital cameras.
Some digital cameras (digicams) use CCDs, which record brightness levels. Older digital cameras that do not use Foveon X3 CCDs (http://www.foveon.com/X3_tech.html) have Red, green, and blue colour filters so that each pixel can record the brightness of a single primary colour. Thus, the pixels of digital cameras that don't use Foveon X3 CCDs are similar to sub-pixels. The camera interpolates the colour information to create the final image. Thus, an 'x'-megapixel image from a digital camera can have as little as 1/4th the colour resolution of the same image as taken by a scanner. The detail resolution is unimpaired. Thus, a picture of a blue or red object (there are usually more green pixels) will tend to look fuzzy compared to the same object in shades of grey. See [1] (http://megamyth.homestead.com/imageres.html) for a more detailed discussion.
Pel
Pel is normally used as an abbreviation of pixel, but is sometimes used to refer to sub-pixels.
See also
Computer display standard, Vector graphics, hunt-the-pixel, putpixel, Map#Electronic maps