Perdido River
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The Perdido River is a river in the U.S. states of Alabama and Florida, approximately 60 mi (97 km) long. The river forms part of the boundary between the two states along nearly its entire length and drains into the Gulf of Mexico. During the early 19th century it played a central role in a series of rotating boundary changes and disputes among France, Spain, Great Britain, and the United States.
It rises in southeastern Alabama in Escambia County approximately 8 mi (11 km) NW of Atmore. It flows south approximately 5 mi (8 km) to the 31st parallel, south of which it forms the Alabama-Florida border. It flows generally ESE in a winding course and enters the north end Perdido Bay on the Gulf of Mexico approximately 10 mi (16 km) west of Pensacola, Florida.
History
From 1682 to 1763 the Perdido formed the boundary between the French colony of Louisiana and the Spanish colony of Florida. Following the British victory over the French in the French and Indian War, the United Kingdom received the French territory west of the Perdido, as well as the Spanish colony of Florida, while Spain received the French territory west of the Mississippi River. The British divided the new territory into West Florida and East Florida at the Apalachicola River (which forms the present boundary between Alabama and Georgia). In 1783, as part of the Treaty of Paris, Britain returned all of Florida to Spain, which at the time controlled all of the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.
In 1800 as part of the Treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain returned Louisiana to the France, retaining control of the territory east of the Mississippi as Florida. In 1804 France subsequently sold Louisiana to the U.S. in the Louisiana Purchase. A boundary dispute erupted between the U.S. and Spain, with the U.S. claiming the land west of the Perdido as part of the original French territory of Louisiana, whereas the Spanish claimed that only the portion of Louisiana west of the Mississippi had been returned to France. The Gulf Coast south of 31 degrees latitude between the Mississippi and Perdido remained disputed between the two nations. The dispute was finally resolved in 1819 in the Adams-Onís Treaty, in which Spain ceded all of Florida to the United States. The Perdido became the boundary of the Florida Territory in 1822.