Paramita
|
|
| Missing image Dharma_wheel_1.png Dharma wheel Buddhism |
| Culture |
| History |
| List of topics |
| People |
| By region and country |
| Schools and sects |
| Temples |
| Terms and concepts |
| Texts |
| Timeline |
Pāramitā (Sanskrit) or Parami (Pāli): "Perfection" or "Transcendent" (lit. "Having reached the other shore"). In Buddhism, the Paramitas refer to the perfection or culmination of certain practices. These practices are cultivated by Bodhisattvas for crossing from sensuous life (Samsara) to Enlightenment (Nirvana).
In Theravada Buddhism, the Ten Perfections (Paramis) are; (original terms in Pali)
- dana parami : generosity, giving of oneself
- sila parami : virtue, morality, proper conduct
- nekhamma parami : renunciation
- panna parami : transcendental wisdom, insight
- viriya parami : energy, diligence, vigour, effort
- khanti parami : patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance
- sacca parami : truthfulness, honesty
- aditthana parami : determination, resolution
- metta parami : loving-kindness
- upekkha parami : equanimity, serenity
In Mahayana Buddhism, the Perfection_of_Wisdom (Prajna-paramita) Sutra and Lotus (Saddharmapundarika) Sutra list the Six Perfections as; (original terms in Sanskrit)
- dana: generosity, giving of oneself
- sila paramita : virtue, morality, proper conduct
- shanti paramita : patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance
- virya paramita : energy, diligence, vigour, effort
- dhyana paramita : meditation, concentration, contemplation
- prajna paramita : transcendental wisdom, insight
The later Ten Stages (Dasabhumika) Sutra lists another four;
- 7. upaya paramita: skillful means
- 8. pranidhana paramita: vow, resolution, aspiration, determination
- 9. bala paramita: spiritual power
- 10. jnana paramita: knowledge, wisdom
External links
- Compassion and Bodhicitta (http://buddhism.kalachakranet.org/compassion.html)
- Digital Dictionary of Buddhism (http://www.acmuller.net/cgi-bin/search-ddb4.pl?Terms=波羅蜜) (log in with userID "guest")
- Renunciation by T. Prince (http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/bps/leaves/bl036.html), a free distribution article on the Buddhist conception of renunciation