Schools of Buddhism
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There are many divisions and subdivisions of the schools of Buddhism. An extensive list of historical schools is given below according to lineage. Surviving schools can be roughly grouped under the categories of Theravāda, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna. Theravāda and Mahāyāna share common methods as sutric schools, while Vajrayāna can be seen as a tantric school.
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Nikaya schools
See also: early Buddhist schools
The initial split between Sthaviravāda and Mahāsaṃghika occurred about 100 years after Buddha's death, due to differing views concerning the rigidity of monastic rules.
- Sthaviravāda
- Pudgalavāda ('Personalist') (c. 280 BCE)
- Vibhajyavāda (prior to 240 BCE; during Aśoka)
- Theravāda (c. 240 BCE) Considered to be a continuation of Sthaviravāda and Vibhajyavāda
- Mahīśāsaka (after 232 BCE)
- Kāśyapīya (after 232 BCE)
- Dharmaguptaka (after 232 BCE)
- Vatsīputrīya (under Aśoka) later name: Saṃmitīya
- Sarvāstivāda (c. 237 BCE)
- Sautrāntika (between 50 BCE and c. 100 CE)
- Mūlasarvāstivāda (third and fourth centuries)
- Mahāsaṃghika ('Majority', c. 380 BCE)
- Ekavyahārikas (under Aśoka)
- Golulika (during Aśoka)
- Bahuśrutīya (late third century BCE)
- Prajaptivāda (late third century BCE)
- Cetiyavāda
- Caitika (mid-first century BCE)
Influence of the early schools on later schools in other countries:
The following later schools used the Vinaya of the Dharmaguptaka:
- Chinese Vinaya School
- Korean Gyeyul
- Japanese Ritsu
Other influences on later schools:
- The Japanese Jojitsu is considered an offshoot of Sautrantika
- The Chinese/Japanese Kusha school is considered an offshoot of Sarvastivada, influenced by Vasubandhu.
Theravada schools
The different schools in Theravada often emphasize different aspects (or parts) of the Pali Canon and the later commentaries, or differ in the focus on (and recommended way of) practice. There are also significant differences in strictness or interpretation of the Vinaya.
- Bangladesh:
- Burma:
- Thudhamma Nikaya
- Vipassana tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw and disciples
- Shwekyin Nikaya
- Thudhamma Nikaya
- Sri Lanka:
- Siam Nikaya
- Waturawila (or Mahavihara Vamshika Shyamopali Vanavasa Nikaya)
- Amarapura Nikaya
- Ramaa Nikaya
- Siam Nikaya
- Thailand
- Maha Nikaya
- Thammayut Nikaya
- Thai Forest Tradition
- Tradition of Ajahn Chah
Mahāyāna schools
- Madhyamaka
- Yogācāra
- Tathagatagarbha
- Daśabhūmikā (absorbed in to Huayan)
- Huayan (Avataṃsaka)
- Chan / Zen / Seon
- Pure Land (Amidism)
- Tiantai (Lotus Sutra School)
- Nichiren
- Vijānavāda
Tantric schools
see also: Vajrayāna Subcategorised according to predecessors
- Tibetan Buddhism
- Nyingmapa
- New Bn (synthesis of Yungdrung Bn and Nyingmapa)
- Sakyapa
- Kadampa
- Kagyupa
- Shangpa Kagyu
- Karma Kagyu (or Kamtshang Kagyu)
- Tsalpa Kagyu
- Baram Kagyu
- Pagtru Kagyu (or Phagmo Drugpa Kagyu)
- Rime movement (ecumenical movement)
- Japanese Mikkyo
See also
References
Coleman, Graham, ed. (1993). A Handbook of Tibetan Culture. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc.. ISBN 1-57062-002-4.
Warder, A.K. (1970). Indian Buddhism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
External links
- Mahayana vs. Theravada: a Multiform Comparison (http://www.freewebs.com/haastexts/Mahayana%20and%20Theravada.htm)
- The Sects of the Buddhists (http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/tw.htm) by T.W. Rhys Davids, in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1891. pp.409-422nl:Boeddhistische stromingen