Nguyen Dynasty
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Template:Titlelacksdiacritics The Nguyễn Dynasty (阮朝) was a line of rulers of Vietnam in the 19th century to mid-20th century. Despite the common name, it is Nguyễn Phc that is the complete family name used by members of this branch to differentiate themselves from other branches. The founder of the Nguyễn Dynasty was Nguyễn Phc nh, known more by his era name Gia Long than his real name, who became Emperor in 1802. Gia Long subsequently granted all of his ancestors the title Emperor as well. Template:History of Vietnam
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History
It was Gia Long's distant ancestor Nguyễn Hong, a gifted general afraid of being prosecuted by the Trịnh Lord in the North, who moved south to the area of northern Central Vietnam in the 16th century. Although having established for himself a fiefdom, Nguyễn Hong was still very much loyal to the Emperor, of the Posterior L Dynasty, at that time. Nguyễn Hong, and his successors, continually expanded their territory by making Kampuchea a protectorate, and by invading Laos, Champa and many small countries in the area. Nguyễn Hong and many of his successors styled themselves as Lord (Cha in Vietnamese); Nguyễn Hong was known as Lord Tin.
It was Nguyễn Phc Nguyn, Nguyễn Hong's son, or Lord Si who started the Nguyễn Phc family name. In the early 18th century, Nguyễn Phc Nguyn's great-great-great-great-grandson Nguyễn Phc Khot was the first ruler of the line who styled himself King (Vương in Vietnamese), since the Trịnh Lord had done so in the North.
Four rulers later, it was Nguyễn Phc nh who united the country, started a dynasty and styled himself Emperor (Hong Đế in Vietnamese) Gia Long. After Gia Long, other rulers of the dynasty would soon run into problems with Catholic missionaries and, subsequently, the involvement of Europeans in Indochina.
Emperors Minh Mạng, Thiệu Trị, Tự Đức and Hiệp Ho, all, were opposed to any French involvement in the country and tried to reduce the growing Catholic community in Vietnam at that time. Their persecution of missionaries was the primary pretext for the French to invade and occupy Indochina. Much like what had occurred in Qing China, there were also numerous incidents involving other nations (European) during the 19th century.
The last Nguyễn Emperor to rule with complete independence was Tự Đức. After his death there was a succession crisis which allowed the French to take direct control of the country and eventually gain complete control of the monarchy. All emperors since Đồng Khnh were chosen by the French and had only a symbolic position.
The nominal reign of the Nguyễn Dynasty firmly came to an end in 1945, when the people rose up, after the Japanese surrender, in support of the Viet Minh. After receiving a "request" for his resignation, the last emperor, Bảo Đại, abdicated the throne and handed power over to the government of President Ho Chi Minh; in return, Emperor Bảo Đại was then named "Supreme Counselor" to the new government. Bảo Đại left shortly afterwrd since he did not agree with the policies of the Viet Minh and thereafter for exile in Hong Kong.
In 1948, the French persuaded Bảo Đại to return as "Chief of State" (Quốc Trưởng in Vietnamese) of the "State of Vietnam" (Quốc Gia Việt Nam) set up by France in areas over which it had regained control, while a bloody war with the Viet Minh under Ho Chi Minh continued, until the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. Bảo Đại spent much of his time during that conflict enjoying a good life either at his luxurious home in Dalat (in the Vietnamese Highlands) or in Paris, France.
After Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam, the South Vietnamese prime minister Ng Đnh Diệm, in a referendum claimed by many as to have been manipulated, overthrew Bảo Đại in 1956. Diem then assumed the position of President of the Republic of Vietnam (Việt Nam Cộng Ha), once more ending Bảo Đại's involvement in Vietnamese affairs--this time permanently.
Emperor Bảo Đại remained in exile in France, where he died in 1997. Crown Prince Bao Long succeeded on the death of his father Emperor Bảo Đại as Head of the Imperial House of Vietnam, 31st July 1997.
Nguyen Dynasty Emperors of Vietnam
The following list is the Emperors' era names, which have meaning in Chinese and Vietnamese. (For example, the first ruler's era name, Gia Long, means "House Dragon" (actually the combination of the old names for Saigon [Gia Dinh] and Hanoi [Thanh Long] to show the new unity of the country); the fourth means "Inheritance of Virtues"; the ninth means "Collective Celebration".
| Temple name | Posthumous Name | Personal Name | Reign | Era name | Royal Tomb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 世祖 Thế Tổ | 高皇帝 Cao Hong Đế | 阮福暎 Nguyễn Phc nh | 1802-1820 | 嘉隆 1802-1820 Gia Long | 千壽陵 Thin Thọ Lăng |
| 聖祖 Thnh Tổ | 仁皇帝 Nhn Hong Đế | 阮福晈 Nguyễn Phc Kiểu | 1820-1841 | 明命 1820-1841 Minh Mạng | 孝陵 Hiếu Lăng |
| 憲祖 Hiến Tổ | 章皇帝 Chương Hong Đế | 阮福暶 Nguyễn Phc Tuyền | 1841-1847 | 紹治 1841-1847 Thiệu Trị | 昌陵 Xương Lăng |
| 翼宗 Dực Tng | 英皇帝 Anh Hong Đế | 阮福蒔 Nguyễn Phc Th | 1847-1883 | 嗣德 1847-1883 Tự Đức | 謙陵 Khim Lăng |
| 恭宗 Cng Tng | 惠皇帝 Huệ Hong Đế | - - | 1883 | -1 | 安陵 An Lăng |
| - | - | 阮福昇 Nguyễn Phc Thăng | 1883 | 協和 1883 Hiệp Ho | - |
| 簡宗 Giản Tng | 毅皇帝 Nghị Hong Đế | 阮福昊 Nguyễn Phc Hạo | 1883-1884 | 建福 1883-1884 Kiến Phc | - |
| - | - | 阮福明 Nguyễn Phc Minh | 1884-1885 | 咸宜 1884-1885 Hm Nghi | - |
| 景宗 Cảnh Tng | 純皇帝 Thuần Hong Đế | 阮福昪 Nguyễn Phc Biện | 1885-1889 | 同慶 1885-1889 Đồng Khnh | 思陵 Tư Lăng |
| - | - | 阮福昭 Nguyễn Phc Chiu | 1889-1907 | 成泰 1889-1907 Thnh Thi | - |
| - | - | 阮福晃 Nguyễn Phc Hoảng | 1907-1916 | 維新 1907-1916 Duy Tn | - |
| 弘宗 Hoằng Tng | 宣皇帝 Tuyn Hong Đế | 阮福昶 Nguyễn Phc Tuấn | 1916-1925 | 啟定 1916-1925 Khải Định | 應陵 Ứng Lăng |
| - | - | 阮福晪 Nguyễn Phc Thiển2 | 1926-1945 | 保大 1926-1945 Bảo Đại | - |
- Following the death of Emperor Tự Đức, and according to his will, this Emperor ascended to the throne on July 19, 1883. However, he was dethroned and imprisoned three days later, after being accused of deleting one paragraph from Tự Đức's will. He had no time to announce his dynastic title (era name); hence his was named after his residential palace as Dục Đức (育德宮).
- Crown Prince Bao Long succeeded on the death of his father, Emperor Bảo Đại, as Head of the Imperial House of Vietnam on 31st July 1997.
See also
External links
- The Nguyễn Dynasty (http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Vietnam/annam.htm)
- Vietnamese language homepage of The Nguyễn Dynasty (http://www.nguyenphuoctoc.com/)de:Nguyen-Dynastie