Nepenthes

Nepenthes
Missing image N_Alata.jpg Nepenthes alata Winged Pitcher Plant (Nepenthes alata)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Caryophyllales Family: Nepenthaceae Genus: Nepenthes
Species
See text

The genus Nepenthes (Tropical Pitcher Plants) in the family Nepenthaceae contains roughly 80-100 species, (depending on author), several natural and many cultivated hybrids. They are carnivorous or insectivorous plants of the old world tropics, ranging from S. China, Indonesia, Malaysia, westward to Madagascar (2 species), Seychelles (1), south to Australia (1), New Caledonia (1), north to India (1) and Sri Lanka (1). The greatest diversity occurs on Borneo and Sumatra with many endemic species. Many are plants of hot humid lowland areas, but the majority are tropical montane plants, receiving warm days but cool to cold humid nights year round. A few are considered tropical alpine with cool days and nights near freezing.

Contents

1 Morphology and Function 2 Culture 3 Species 4 Hybrids

Morphology and Function

The plants usually consist of a shallow root system, a prostrate or climbing stem, often several meters long, usually 1 cm or less in diameter, larger in a few species (ex. N. bicalcarata). From the stems are leaf-like expanded petioles, similar to certain Citrus spp., ending in a tendril, which in some species aids in climbing, and at the end of which forms the pitcher, considered the true leaf. The pitcher starts as a small bud and gradually expand to form a globe or tube shaped trap.

The trap contains fluid of the plants own production, which may be watery or like syrup and is used to drown the prey. The lower part of the trap contains glands which absorb nutrients from captured prey. Above this is a waxy zone, to prevent escape. Surrounding the entrance to the trap is a structure called a peristome (the "mouth") which is slippery and often quite colorful, attracting prey but offering a poor footing. Above the peristome is a lid, in many species this keeps rain from diluting the fluid within the pitcher, and the underside of lids (and other parts of the plants) contain nectar glands which attract prey.

Plants may contain several different types of pitchers, lower traps which typically sit on the ground usually are larger and more round, hanging pitchers are more funnel-shaped, usually smaller and may be colored differently. Frequently there are intermediates between the two types.

In some species (N. rafflesiana) different prey may be attracted by different types of pitchers; Nepenthes albomarginata is unique in specializing in termites.

Prey usually consists of insects, but the largest species (N. rajah, merrilliana, etc.) may occasionally catch rats or other vertebrates, possibly accidentally. Flowers occur in racemes or more rarely panicles with male and female flowers on separate plants. Seed is produced in a three-sided capsule which may contain 10-60 or more seed, consisting of a central ovary and two wings, one on either side. Seeds are wind distributed.

Culture

Nepenthes may be cultivated in greenhouses. Easier species are N. alata, N. ventricosa, N. rafflesiana and N. tobaica. They respond best to pure water, bright light (not full sun), a well drained but moisture holding media*, good air circulation and a relatively high humidity. Highland species must have nighttime cooling to thrive long-term. Chemical fertilizers are probably best avoided or used at low strength. Insect feeding with frozen (thawed before use) crickets seems best if not overdone. Terrarium culture of smaller plants like N. bellii, N. x trichocarpa and other is possible, but most plants will get too large over time.

Plants can be propagated by seed, cuttings and tissue culture. Seeds may be sown on damp chopped sphagnum moss, or on sterile plant tissue culture media once they have been properly disinfected. As with most insectivorous plants, dilute media (1/4 to 1/2 strength orchid media) is suitable for germination and culture. Seed make take two months to germinate, and two years or more to yield mature plants. Cuttings may be rooted in damp sphagnum moss in a plastic bag or tank with high humidity and moderate light. They can begin to root in 1-2 months and start to pitcher in about six months.

Tissue culture is now done commercially and helps reduce collection of wild plants, as well as making many rare species available to hobbyists at reasonable prices. Nepenthes are considered threatened or endangered plants and are listed as CITES appendix 1 & 2.

• Media can consist of the following: fir bark, horticultural charcoal, cypress bark, perlite and/or sphagnum moss in various mixes depending on climate.

Species

• N. aptera
• N. adnata
• N. alata
• N. albomarginata
• N. ampullaria
• N. anamensis
• N. angasanensis
• N. argentii
• N. aristolochioides
• N. bellii
• N. benstonei
• N. bicalcarata
• N. bongso
• N. boschiana
• N. burbidgeae
• N. burkei
• N. campanulata
• N. clipeata
• N. danseri
• N. deaniana
• N. densiflora
• N. diatas
• N. distillatoria
• N. dubia
• N. edwardsiana
• N. ephippiata
• N. eustachya
• N. eymae
• N. faizaliana
• N. fallax
• N. fusca
• N. glabrata
• N. glandulifera
• N. gracilis
• N. gracillima
• N. gymnamphora
• N. hamata
• N. hirsuta
• N. inermis
• N. insignis
• N. izumiae
• N. jacquelineae
• N. khasiana
• N. klossii
• N. lamii
• N. lavicola
• N. longifolia
• N. lowii
• N. macfarlanei
• N. macrophylla
• N. macrovulgaris
• N. madagascariensis
• N. mapuluensis
• N. masoalensis
• N. maxima
• N. merrilliana
• N. mikei
• N. mindanaoensis
• N. mira
• N. mirabilis
• N. mollis
• N. muluensis
• N. neoguineensis
• N. northiana
• N. ovata
• N. paniculata
• N. papuana
• N. pervillei
• N. petiolata
• N. philippinensis
• N. pilosa
• N. platychila
• N. pyriformis
• N. rafflesiana
• N. rajah
• N. reinwardtiana
• N. rhombicaulis
• N. sanguinea
• N. saranganiensis
• N. sibuyanensis
• N. singalana
• N. spathulata
• N. spectabilis
• N. stenophylla
• N. sumatrana
• N. talangensis
• N. tentaculata
• N. tenuis
• N. thorelii
• N. tobaica
• N. tomoriana
• N. treubiana
• N. truncata
• N. veitchii
• N. ventricosa
• N. vieillardii
• N. villosa
• N. vogelii

Hybrids

There are many hybrid Nepenthes. Some of the more well known are:

• N. × coccinea ((N. rafflesiana × N. ampullaria) × N. mirabilis)
• N. × hookeriana (N. rafflesiana × N. ampullaria)
• N. × mixta (N. northiana × N. maxima)
• N. × trusmadiensis (N. macrophylla × N. lowii)

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