Negrito

The Negritos include the Ati, the Aeta and at least 4 other tribes of the Philippines, the Semang of the Malay peninsula, and 12 Andamanese tribes of the Andaman Islands. The Malay term for them is orang asli, or original people. They are likely the indigenous people of south-east Asia, including New Guinea. Pygmy-sized, they are numerically and physically among the smallest as well as among the least-known of all living human races.

The word is Spanish for "little Negro" and was given by early explorers who thought that the Negritos were from Africa. Nevertheless it has been used for the past more than 300 years to denote the generally short-statured, peppercorn-haired, dark-skinned people found in small surviving pockets all over tropical Asia and perhaps beyond.

The theory of the connection to Africa collapsed the moment the first unbiased scientific observers met living Andamanese Negritos face to face. Apart from dark skin and curly hair, they have little in common with any African population, including the African pygmies. There are, however, a few fascinating connections to the Khoisan of South Africa. It is therefore likely that Negritos are African in origin. Clear archaeological evidence found so far of Negrito settlements in the Andamans does not go back more than 2,200 years but absence of evidence is not proof of absence. Besides, there is now little doubt that the Negrito race represents an ancient, if not the most ancient, component in the prehistoric peopling of Asia by anatomically modern humans. As such, they could go back 70,000 years. The Negritos of the Philippines could make fire, whereas the Andamanese could not. The Semang are recorded to have made clothing of pounded tree bark, and to have lived in both caves and leaf-covered shelters.

They are distinct from the Formosan-Indo-Malay peoples who arrived in boats or balangay (see Barangay). The current mainstream Filipino at times commemorate the Negrito and the Spanish by dressing up as these peoples, during local celebrations. (See Antique, Philippines for the 1212 purchase of rights, by some Malay peoples, to settle on the island of Panay from the chief of the Negritos there).

For the Negritos themselves the term has no meaning since they know themselves only by their local tribal names and are not (yet) aware that they may belong to a people called "Negrito". (See List of Philippine-related topics#Tribes and ethnic groups for a systematic list of their tribes and peoples, and Andaman Islands for a description of the Andamanese tribes.)

The term "Negrito", a term of long historical standing, is regarded by some as a misnomer. "Black Asians" has been proposed, but this would include the Negritos along with the Melanesians, Veddoid and some other Asian people, giving undue importance to the minor genetic trait of skin colour and ignoring more profound genetic and other differences among these groups.

Others think that until the Negritos themselves are aware of their situation and in a position to decide the matter for themselves, the term should not be changed. In this view, non-Negritos should not arrogate to themselves the right to rename a people without their knowledge and consent. It is proposed that "Negrito" is a perfectly acceptable term as long as it is used without derogatory intent.

Mitochondrial DNA study on the origins of modern humankind

The DNA data from the Negrito peoples have shed light on the origins of modern humankind.

In the May 13, 2005 issue of Science, Dr. Vincent Macaulay of the University of Glasgow and a team of geneticists have reported that the genetic drift of the mitochondrial DNA from the Orang Asli shows that all modern-day human beings are descended from one ancestral band of hunter-gatherers who left Africa 65 000 years ago. The team calculates that the ancestral band contained no more that 550 women. Every modern-day human is descended from a Mitochondrial Eve who lived in Africa about 200 000 years ago.

The Macaulay team's results are countered by Dr. Richard Klein, an archaeologist at Stanford, who replies that archaeological evidence for the earliest modern humans is no older than 50 000 years ago. Macaulay agreed that it was possible that their 65 000 year calculation based on genetic drift is too old.

The team headed by Macaulay thus models the migration of this ancestral band as having left Africa 65 000 years ago, taken the coastlines eastward along the southern edge of the Asian continent, and having reached Australia by 50 000 years ago; modern man then re-immigrated westward to populate Asia and Europe.

--"DNA Study Yields Clues on Early Human's First Migration" New York Times, May 13, 2005 p. A7.

External link

• The Semang of Malaysia (http://216.239.39.104/search?q=cache:VnJVlJyvgy0J:www.andaman.org/book/chapter35/text35.htm+negrito&hl=en)
• The Anadamanese Negrito (http://www.andaman.org/book/chapter1/text1.htm)
• An Amazing Beginning, by Charles Kimball (http://www.guidetothailand.com/thailand-history/beginning.htm)de:Negrito

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