Meniscoessus
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Meniscoessus is a genus of extinct mammal from the Upper Cretaceous of North America. It lived toward the end of the "age of the dinosaurs" and was a member of the extinct order Multituberculata. It lies within the suborder Cimolodonta and family Cimolomyidae.
The genus Meniscoessus was named by Cope E.D. in 1882. It has also been known under the following names: Cimolomys (partly); Dipriodon (Marsh 1889); Halodon (Marsh 1889); Oracodon (Marsh 1889); Moeniscoessus; Selenacodon (Marsh 1889) (partly); and Tripriodon (Marsh 1889).
The history of this generic name is complicated and confusing. It is attributed to Cope, 1882. Later, this was joined by "Meniscoessus" (Marsh 1889). The second usage apparently related to teeth described as belonging to small carnivorous dinosaurs. These were further christened Dipriodon, Tripriodon and others, including Triprotodon. Close similarities were then noticed with an already established dinosaur genus, Paronychodon (Cope 1876), also based on teeth from the Laramie Formation. Over time, an impressive school of names was synonymized under P. However, this is now considered a nomina dubia.
In 1929, Simpson published American Mesozoic Mammalia (Mem. of the Peabody Museum, 3 pt. 1; i-xv). The name Tripriodon ("three saw tooth") was resurrected. These "theropod" teeth were actually mammalian. The mammal T. since seems to have fallen from use.
Be that all as it may, Meniscoessus is a valid multituberculate, and is known from some quite good remains, as well as a great many teeth.
Species
The species Meniscoessus collomensis was named by Lillegraven J.A. in 1987. Fossil remains were found in the Upper Cretaceous strata of the Williams Fork Formation, in Colorado (USA). This species is known from only one site. It weighed an estimated 1.4 kg.
The species Meniscoessus conquistus was named by Cope E.D. in 1882. Remains were found in the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) strata of Colorado and of the St. Mary River Formation of Canada]].
The species Meniscoessus ferox was named by Fox R.C. in 1971. Remains were found in Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) strata of the Upper Milk River Formation of Alberta, Canada. The holotype, collected in 1968, is in the University of Alberta collection.
The species Meniscoessus intermedius was named by Fox R.C. in 1976. Remains were found in the Campanian - Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) strata of the Oldman Formation of Alberta and New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming (USA). It is estimated to have weighed about 500 g, as much as a large rat.
The species Meniscoessus major was named by Russell in the 1930's. It is also known as Cimolomys major (Russell 1936). Remains were found in the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) strata of Montana (USA) and Alberta, Canada. The weight of this species has been estimated at around a kilogram. The holotype is in Alberta.
The species Meniscoessus robustus was named by Marsh O.C. in 1889. It has also been known as Cimolomys sculptusy; Dipriodon lacunatus; D. lunatus (Marsh 1889); D. robustus (Marsh 1889); Halodon sculptus (Marsh 1889); M. borealis (Simpson 1927); M. coelatus; M. fragilis; M. greeni (Wilson R.W. 1987); M. lunatus; M. sculptus; Moeniscoessus robustus; Oracodon anceps (Marsh 1889); O. conulus (Marsh 1892); Selenacodon fragilis (Marsh 1889); and Tripriodon coelatus (Marsh 1889). Remains were discovered in Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) and possibly Paleocene strata of Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota (USA) and the St. Mary's River Formation in Canada. Marsh authored a swamp of names. The weight of this species is estimated to have been about 3.3 kg. The first usage of M. robustus seems to go back to Osborn in 1891.
The species Meniscoessus seminoensis was named by Eberle J.J. and Lillegraven J.A. in 1998. Remains were found in Campanian - Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) strata of the Ferris Formation in Wyoming. A 3.5 cm lower jaw was found near the Seminoe mountains. It has a close resemblance to M. robustus. It was somewhere between "rat-sized" and 3.5 kilograms, depending upon which source. An alternative name for this location is "Leave No Toad Unturned."
Several other names have been in circulation, such as Meniscoessus bustus, Meniscoessus caperatus (Marsh 1889), and Meniscoessus coelatus. The first is probably a variant of M. robustus, while the latter two seem to have been connected with dinosaur teeth.
References
- Lillegraven (1987), Stratigraphy and evolutionary implications of a new species of Meniscoessus (Multituberculata, Mammalia) from the Upper Cretaceous Williams Fork Formation, Moffat County, Colorado. Dakoterra 3, p.46-56.
- Cope (1882), "Mammalia in the Laramie formation." American Naturalist xvi, p.830-831.
- Marsh (1889), "Discovery of Cretaceous Mammalia." Am. J. Sci. (3) xxxviii: 81-92.
- Osborn (1891), "A review of the Cretaceous Mammalia." Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p.124-135.
- Simpson (1929), "American Mesozoic Mammalia." Mem. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist. iii (i), p.1-235.
- Wilson (1987), Late Cretaceous (Fox Hills) multituberculates from the Red Owl local fauna of western South Dakota. Dakoterra 3, p.118-122.
- Kielan-Jaworowska Z & Hurum JH (2001), "Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals." Paleontology 44, p.389-429.
- Fox (1976), Cretaceous mammals (Meniscoessus intermedius, new species, and Alphadon sp.) from the lowermost Oldman Formation, Alberta. Canadian J. of Earth Sciences, 13(9), p.1216-1222, 4 figs.
- Fox (1971), "Early Campanian multituberculates (Mammalia: Allotheria) from the upper Milk River Formation, Alberta". Canadian J of Earth Sci. 8, p.916-938.
- Much of this information has been derived from [1] (http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/cimolod.htm) MESOZOIC MAMMALS: "basal" Cimolodonta, Cimolomyidae, Boffiidae and Kogaionidae, an Internet directory.