Macintosh Quadra
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Apple_mac_quadra_800.jpg
Quadra was the name used by Apple Computer for most of its Macintosh computers built around the Motorola 68040 CPU. The product manager for the Quadra family was Frank Casanova who was also the Product Manager for the Macintosh IIfx. The Quadra name was the first "synthetic" name used by Apple for one of it's product lines and likely the first such name in the PC industry which typically named a computer based on the CPU's clock speed. The first of these were the Quadra 700 and 900, both introduced in 1991 with a CPU speed of 25 MHz. The former was a compact model using the same case as the Macintosh IIci, with a PDS expansion slot, while the latter was a new tower case with five NuBus expansion slots plus one PDS slot.
The latter was replaced in 1992 with the Quadra 950, with a CPU speed of 33 MHz. The line was joined by a number of "800-series" machines in a new mid-sized case, starting with the Quadra 800, and the "600-series" pizza-box desktop cases with the Quadra 610.
In 1993 the Quadra AV series was released, consisting of the 800-series Quadra 840AV and the 600-series Quadra 660AV, at 40 MHz and 25 MHz respectively. Both included an ATT DSP and S-Video and composite input and output ports for video, as well as CD-quality microphone and audio output ports. The AV models also introduced PlainTalk, consisting of the text-to-speech software MacinTalk Pro and speech control (although not dictation). However all of these features were poorly supported in software, and DSP was not installed in later AV Macs.
The Quadra name was also used for the successors to the Centris models that briefly existed during 1993. Centris was a "mid-range" series of systems between the Quadra on the high end and the LC on the low end, but it was later decided that there were too many product lines and the name was dropped. Several machines of this era were also sold as Performas, further adding to the confusion.
The last use of the name appeared to be for the Quadra 630, which was a variation on the LC 630 using a "full" Motorola 68040 instead of the LC's 68LC040, and introduced together with it in 1994. The 630 was the first Mac to use to an IDE based drive bus for the internal hard disk drive, whereas all earlier machines had used SCSI.
The transition to the Motorola 68040 was not as smooth as the previous transitions to the Motorola 68020 or Motorola 68030. Due to the Motorola 68040's split instruction and data caches, the Quadra had compatibility problems with self-modifying code (including relocating code, which was common under the Macintosh memory model). Apple partially fixed this by having the basic Mac OS memory copy call flush the caches. This solved the vast majority of stability problems, but negated much of the Motorola 68040's performance improvements. Apple also introduced a variant of the memory copy call [1] (http://developer.apple.com/documentation/Hardware/DeviceManagers/pci_srvcs/pci_cards_drivers/PCI_BOOK.16a.html) that did not flush the cache. The new trap was defined in such a way that calling it on an older version of Mac OS would simply call the previous memory copy routine. The net effect of this was that many complex applications were initially slow or prone to crashing on the 68040, although developers quickly adapted to the new architecture by relying on Apple's memory copy routines rather than their own (or flushing the cache), and using the memory copy that did not flush the cache when appropriate (most of the time).fr:Macintosh Centris et Quadra