MARC standards
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MARC is an acronym for MAchine-Readable Cataloging. It is a 'communications standard [for] exchanging bibliographic, holdings, and other data'(2) between libraries. It defines a bibliographic data format that emerged from a United States Library of Congress-led initiative that began in the 1970s. It provides the protocol by which computers exchange, use, and interpret bibliographic information. Its data elements make up the foundation of most library catalogs used today.
The MARC Standards Office is part of the Library of Congress.
The record structure of MARC is an implementation of ISO 2709, also known as ANSI/NISO Z39.2.
The worldwide library science community is currently looking for ways to move away from MARC, considered to be based on outdated concepts, to an XML-based format.
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MARC record types
Authority records -- ??
Bibliographic records -- ??
Holdings records -- ??
MARC "flavours"
There are many national as well as international "flavours" (variants) of MARC, including
- USMARC: national MARC of the United States
- CAN/MARC: national MARC of Canada
- MARC 21: a "harmonization" of USMARC and CAN/MARC
- INTERMARC: MARC used by Bibliothèque nationale de France
- UNIMARC: created by IFLA in 1977, it is the official MARC in France
- CMARC: national MARC of the Republic of China, based on UNIMARC
- DANMARC: national MARC of Denmark, based on MARC21
- NORMARC: national MARC of Norway, based on MARC21
- BIBSYS-MARC: used by all Norwegian University Libraries, the National Library, all college libraries, and a number of research libraries.
MARC 21 is not a new format. The original American version of MARC became USMARC in the 1980s; there was also a separate Canadian version with minor differences called CAN/MARC. After making minor changes to both formats, the USMARC and CAN/MARC specifications were merged in 1997 to create MARC 21, the name intended to reflect the 21st century. The British Library has announced that it will no longer develop the UKMARC standard it had maintained since 1975, in favour of MARC 21.
See also
External links
- Understanding MARC Bibliographic Machine Readable Cataloging, good for newbies (http://www.loc.gov/marc/umb/)
- Marc authority records (http://authorities.loc.gov/help/disphlp1.htm)
- MARC home page (http://www.loc.gov/marc)
- MARC frequently asked questions (http://www.loc.gov/marc/faq.html)
- List of MARC country codes (http://www.loc.gov/marc/countries/cou_home.html)
- MARC Standards Office (http://www.loc.gov/marc/ndmso.html)
- Usenet post about MARC (http://groups-beta.google.com/group/bit.listserv.museum-l/browse_thread/thread/8680c4b3775db899/7d101d8d1681ac0b?q=MARC+bibliographic+holdings+authority&rnum=19#7d101d8d1681ac0b)