Lions' Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code
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Lions' Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code by John Lions (1976) contains the complete source code of the 6th Edition Unix kernel plus a commentary. It is commonly referred to as the Lions book. Despite its age, it is still considered an excellent commentary on simple but high quality code.
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For many years, the Lions Book was the only Unix kernel documentation available outside Bell Labs. Although the license of 6th Edition allowed classroom use of the source code, the license of 7th Edition specifically excluded such use, so the book spread by samizdat. It was commonly held to be the most copied book in computer science.
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Synopsis
Unix Operating System Source Code Level Six is the kernel source code, lightly edited by Lions to better separate the functionality — system initialization and process management, interrupts and system calls, basic I/O, file systems and pipes and character devices. All procedures and symbols are listed alphabetically with a cross reference.
The code as presented will run on a PDP-11/40 with RK-05 disk drive, LP-11 line printer interface, PCL-11 paper tape writer and KL-11 terminal interface, or a suitable emulator.
A Commentary on the Unix Operating System starts with notes on Unix and other useful documentation (the Unix manual pages, DEC hardware manuals and so on), a section on the architecture of the PDP-11 and a chapter on how to read C programs. The source commentary follows, divided into the same sections as the code. The book ends with suggested exercises for the student.
As Lions explains, this commentary supplements the comments in the source. It is possible to understand the code without the extra commentary, and the reader is advised to do so and only read the notes as needed. The commentary also remarks on how the code might be improved.
History
The source code and commentary were originally produced in May 1976 as a set of lecture notes for Lions' computer science courses (6.602B and 6.657G) at the University of New South Wales.
UNIX News March 1977 announced the availability of the book to Unix licensees. Lions had trouble keeping up with its popularity, and by 1978 it was available only from Bell Labs.
When AT&T announced Unix Version 7 at USENIX in June 1979, the academic/research license no longer automatically permitted classroom use. Thus, licensees would no longer be able to use the Lions notes for classes on operating systems.
However, thousands of computer science students around the world spread photocopies. As they could not study it legally in class, they would sometimes meet after hours to discuss the book. Many pioneers of Unix and open source had a treasured multiple-generation photocopy.
Other follow-on effects of the license change included Andrew S. Tanenbaum creating Minix. As Tanenbaum said in Operating Systems (1987): "When AT&T released Version 7, it began to realize that UNIX was a valuable commercial product, so it issued Version 7 with a license that prohibited the source code from being studied in courses, in order to avoid endangering its status as a trade secret. Many universities complied by simply dropping the study of UNIX, and teaching only theory."
Various Unix people, particularly Peter H. Salus, Dennis Ritchie and Berny Goodheart, lobbied Unix's various owners (AT&T, Novell, the Santa Cruz Operation) for many years to allow the book to be published officially. In 1996, SCO finally authorised the release of the twenty-year-old 6th Edition source code, and the full code plus the 1977 version of the commentary was published by Peer-To-Peer Communications (ISBN 1-57398-013-7). The reissue includes commentary from Michael Tilson (SCO), Peter Salus, Dennis Ritchie, Ken Thompson, Peter Collinson, Greg Rose, Mike O'Dell, Berny Goodheart and Peter Reintjes.
Review quote
- After 20 years, this is still the best exposition of the workings of a "real" operating system — Ken Thompson, co-author of Unix
References
- Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Operating Systems: Design and Implementations, (Prentice-Hall, ISBN 0136373313, June 1987)
- Lions Book (http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/L/Lions-Book.html) (Jargon File)
- Code Critic (http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/1999/11/30/lions/) (Rachel Chalmers, Salon 30 Nov 1999)
- Peter H. Salus, The Daemon, The GNU and the Penguin, ch. 6: 1979 (http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20050502114023686) (preprint, 2005)
- C. Programming Language, C. Programming Language:
[1] (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0131103628/qid%3D1116335803/sr%3D11-1/ref%3Dsr%5F11%5F1/104-9560434-6353508)
External links
- Peer-To-Peer Communications (http://www.peer-to-peer.com/catalog/opsrc/lions.html) website
- Complete commentary (http://www.lemis.com/grog/Documentation/Lions/index.html) in PDF, PostScript, and LaTeX formats
- Complete source code listing available (6th Edition Unix source code as modified by John Lions) in PDF (http://v6.cuzuco.com/) and HTML (http://www.tom-yam.or.jp/2238/src/) formats; get the plain files by removing the .html suffix
- Ersatz 11 (http://www.dbit.com/) (commercial), SIMH (http://simh.trailing-edge.com/) (free), and other (http://simh.trailing-edge.com/) PDP-11 hardware emulatorspl:Lions Book