Kaunas
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Kaunas_flag.jpg
Kaunas (approximate English transcription [ˈkəʊ.nəs], simplified Lithuanian transcription [kaŭnas]; Polish: Kowno, often anglicized as Kovno; Russian Каунас, formerly Ковно), is the second largest city in Lithuania with 400,000 inhabitants. Kaunas is famous for its historic city centre. The town is situated on the main highway "Via Baltica" (E 67) Warsaw-Riga-Helsinki. Geographically Kaunas is situated at the junction of the two largest Lithuanian rivers, the Neman and the Neris. With almost 93 percent citizens being ethnic Lithuanians, Kaunas is one of the most Lithuanian cities of the country. By the number of people of local nationality, Kaunas is the largest city in Baltic States: it has larger number of Lithuanians than Vilnius, larger number of Lithuanians than Riga has Latvians or Tallin has Estonians.
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History
At the location of the current Kaunas old town, at the confluence of two large rivers, there was a settlement as far back as the tenth century BC. According to legend, the town was founded in 1030, but it is first mentioned in written sources in 1361. In the thirteenth century, a stone wall was built for protection from constant raids by the Teutonic Knights. In 1362, the town was captured by the Teutonic Knights, who destroyed the castle, but it was recaptured in 1404.
In 1408 the town was chartered with Magdeburg Rights by Vytautas the Great. The castle was rebuilt in the beginning of 15th century. Kaunas then started to grow as an important city at trade route intersections and a river port. In 1441 Kaunas joined the Hansa and Hansa merchant offices opened. Already in the 16th century Kaunas had a public school, a hospital, a drugstore and was one of the best formed towns in Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Old_kaunas.jpg
The 17th and 18th centuries were unfortunate for Kaunas. In 1665 the Russian army attacked the city several times. In 1701 the city was occupied by the Swedish army, and also suffered from plagues in 1657 and 1708, and fires in 1731 and 1732. After the final partition of Polish-Lithuanian state in 1795 the city was occupied by Russia. In 1812 the Grand Army of Napoleon was crossing Neman, so the city was devastated two times that year.
During the Partitions it was one of the centres of the November Uprising (1830-1831) and the January Uprising (1863-1864). To prevent further problems with the local population, the Russian authorities have placed a huge military garrison in the town. The Russian military fortifications from that time still survive throughout the town.
In 1862 a railway connecting the Russian Empire and Germany was constructed, making Kaunas a significant railway hub. In 1898 the first power plant started operating. After Vilnius was occupied by Russian bolsheviks in 1919, the government of Republic of Lithuania established its main offices here. Later, when Vilnius was seized by Poland and renamed Central Lithuania, Kaunas became the capital of Lithuania until 1940, when the country was occupied by the Soviet Union and the capital was returned to Vilnius.
Between the World Wars the Kaunas industry prospered, as it was the largest city in Lithuania. In 1940 it was annexed by the Soviet Union into Lithuanian SSR. During the Second World War the city suffered heavy ravages under German occupation (1941-1944) with the establishment of the Kovno Ghetto (also known as the Kauen concentration camp), which resulted in the deaths of more than 30,000 of the city's Jewish population. During the Soviet era it was restored and became the main industrial city of Lithuania - it produced about a quarter of Lithuanian industrial output in those days. Trolleybuses started to operate in 1966.
After the proclamation of Lithuanian independence in 1991, Soviet attempts to suppress the rebellion focused on the TV and radio transmitters in Sitkunai, which were the critical part of remaining free media. They were protected by the ordinary people, who were on duty to protect them, despite the risk of harm.
Historical population
| Year | Number of inhabitants |
|---|---|
| 1723 | 28.000 |
| 1796 | 8.500 |
| 1813 | 3.000 |
| 1825 | 5.000 |
| 1840 | 8.500 |
| 1860 | 23.300 |
| 1897 | 71.000 |
| 1923 | 92.000 |
| 1940 | 154.000 |
| 1959 | 214.000 |
| 1966 | 275.000 |
| 1989 | 418,087 |
| 2001 | 378,943 |
| 2004 | 366,666 |
Statistics
- Total City Area : 157 km²
- Inhabitants : 368.917
- Ethnic groups:
- Lithuanians 92,9%
- Russians 4,4%
- Ukrainians 0,5%
- Poles 0,4%
- Others 1,8%
Transport
Kaunas has 16 trolleybus and 34 bus lines,and it's also one of the biggest river ports in the Baltic States.City is located in the centre of Lithuania,and it's very significant in transportation.Kaunas international airport is capable to handle 300 000 passengers and 100 000 tons of cargo per year.
Sports
Kaunas is home to the Žalgiris basketball club, one of Europe's strongest. The city is also the birthplace or childhood home of many of the country's top basketball stars, among them Arvydas Sabonis, Šarunas Marčiulionis, Žydrūnas Ilgauskas and Šarūnas Jasikevičius. The main stadium of the city is "S.Dariaus ir S.Gireno Sporto Centras" (capacity 9.000) which is also a home stadium for Lithuanian football champions FBK Kaunas.
Education
Kaunas is often called "city of students" with over 25.000 students studying in the universities of Kaunas.
- Vilnius University Kaunas Faculty of Humanities (http://www.vukhf.lt)
- Kaunas University Of Medicine (http://www.kmu.lt)
- Kaunas University Of Technology (http://www.ktu.lt)
- Vytautas Magnus University (http://www.vdu.lt)
- Lithuanian University Of Agriculture (http://www.lzuu.lt/main/1)
- Lithuanian Academy Of Physical Education (http://www.lkka.lt)
- Lithuanian Veterinary Academy (http://www.lva.lt)
- Kaunas Business College (http://www.kvk.lt)
- Kaunas College (http://www.katm.lt/kaukas/kolegija.php)
External links
- Official Site Of Kaunas (http://www.kaunas.lt/english)
- Museums in Kaunas (http://muziejai.mch.mii.lt/Kaunas/kauno_rajonas.en.htm)
- Kaunas International Airport (http://www.kaunasair.lt/11en.html)
- Tourist Information Centre of Kaunas region (http://visit.kaunas.lt/en/index.htm)
- Kovno site (http://www.eilatgordinlevitan.com/kovno/kovno.html) and Kovno stories links (http://www.eilatgordinlevitan.com/kovno/kovno_pages/kovno_stories_links.html) by Eilat Gordin Levitanbg:Каунас
da:Kaunas de:Kaunas eo:Kaŭnaso fr:Kaunas he:קאונאס lv:Kaunas lt:Kaunas nl:Kaunas nds:Kaunas ja:カウナス pl:Kowno ru:Каунас sv:Kaunas