Ironbound

Template:Newark Neighborhoods

The Ironbound is a large, close-knit, Brazilian-Portuguese neighborhood in Newark, New Jersey. The neighborhood covers four square miles (10 km²). Historically, the area was called "Dutch Neck," "Down Neck," or simply "the Neck," because of the way the Passaic River curved to form what looked like a neck. It is also often referred to as the East Ward.

The name "Ironbound" is said to have originated from the many forges and foundries that were found in this area during the latter half of the 19th century. However, the name could also have come from the rail tracks that surrounded the area when the railroads were constructed during the 1830s.

The Ironbound was an industrial neighborhood in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Workers at Benjamin Moore paints, Ballantine's Beer, and Conmar Zippers lived next to railroad and port workers. The Ironbound was poorer than was the rest of Newark at that time. A legacy of that 19th century poverty can be seen in the neighborhood's architecture - there are very few brownstones or even brick-faced buildings in the district. The inhabitants were considered to be in such need of help that Protestant reformers established the Bethel Mission there in 1850.

As it does today, the Ironbound had inhabitants of many ethnic groups in the 19th century, with Germans, Lithuanians, Italians, and Poles being prominent. Lithuanians built the Sacred Heart of Jesus Church in 1894 and Trinity Church in 1902. St. Casimir's Church was founded under Polish auspices in 1908. As an example of the size of the German community in the Ironbound, prior to World War I, Wilson Avenue was called Hamburg Place.

Saloons were major meeting places for Ironbound workers in the era before radio and television. A 1912 survey found 122 saloons in the neighborhood. "The men, after eating a hasty supper in a dirty, crowded home or boarding house," a social worker noted,

quite naturally leave such unattractive surroundings to spend the evenings playing cards and drinking in a warm, well lighted saloon. Friends find it a convenient meeting place, work and wages are discussed, political arguments are frequent, and recent immigrants discover it an admirable school in which to learn English rapidly and gain an acquaintance with things American.

The Ironbound had a large African American population in the mid Twentieth century. Locally famous jazz singer Miss Rhapsody was born in the Ironbound. Sarah Vaughan grew up in Lincoln Park, but attended church at the Mt. Zion Baptist Church on Thomas Street.

Today the Ironbound is known for being a Portuguese neighborhood. Portuguese roots in the area run deep, with the first immigrants having arrived in the 1910s. By 1921 there was a large enough Portuguese population to found Sport Club Portuguese, the first of over twenty Portuguese social clubs that would call the Ironbound home.

Galician Spanish immigrants also settled in the Ironbound. In the 1930's Spanish Catholics built elaborate catacombs underneath the Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. The catacombs are indeed underground, but instead of being real burial places, they are the depositories of lifelike wax effigies of saints and martyrs. The walls, ceilings, and floors of the catacombs are decorated with mosaics and murals. The church itself that is above the catacombs was built in the 1850's for a German Baptist congregation, an example of ethnic succession.

The great influx of Portuguese came in the 1970s. Today, Portuguese immigration has peaked, but the Lusophone population is stable, thanks to immigration from Brazil. Brazilians and Portuguese are joined by immigrants from Latin America and a growing non-ethnic community working in New York City or Downtown Newark.

The Ironbound avoided the decline of most of the rest of Newark for several reasons. First, the Ironbound was spared highway construction. Rather than going through the neighborhood, highways, like Interstate 78 and the New Jersey Turnpike, went around the it. Speaking of Weequahic, Philip Roth said, "The neighborhood was destroyed by the highways as much as anything else." The Ironbound was also spared construction of the massive public housing units that became the breeding grounds for urban pathology. The Ironbound did see some public housing construction, but it was low-rise and within the fabric of the neighborhood.

Finally, the qualities of Portuguese immigrants should be given credit for the Ironbound's preservation.

The Ironbound is one of Newark's most vibrant neighborhoods. There are almost no vacant stores along Ferry Street, its commercial heart. The neighborhood has a mix of different home styles, from apartments in multi-family dwellings to single-family houses on small lots to two family homes. Many old industrial sites have been converted to modern detached townhouses.

External links

• The New York Times: If You're Thinking of Living In The Ironbound (http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/11/realestate/11LIVI.html?ex=1077598800&en=45504f05e6c28746&ei=5070)
• Ironbound Community Corporation (http://www.ironboundcc.org/index.html) - a non-profit organization in the community
• Star-Ledger Article about the Ironbound catacombs (http://www.nj.com/printer/printer.ssf?/base/news-8/1105336362158600.xml)
• Sport Club Portuguese (http://www.scportugues.org/) (in Portuguese)