Iannis Xenakis
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Iannis Xenakis (Γιάννης Ξενάκης) (May 29, 1922 Romania - February 4, 2001) was a Greek composer and architect who spent much of his life in Paris, France.
He was born in Brăila, Romania, and studied architecture and Engineering in Athens, Greece. Xenakis participated in the Greek Resistance during World War II and in the first phase of the Greek Civil War as a member of the students' company Lord Byron of ELAS (Ethnikos Laikos Apeleftherotikos Stratos, Greek Peoples Liberation Army). He received a severe face wound which resulted in the loss of an eye. After the war, his involvement in the Greek nationalist movement in British-occupied Athens led to a death sentence. In 1947 he fled under a false passport to Paris where he worked with Le Corbusier. While his assistant, Xenakis designed the Pavillon Philips in Brussels, home of the première of Edgar Varèse's Poème Électronique at the 1958 Brussels International Fair. Xenakis played in many world expositions and fairs. He played annually in the Shiraz Art Festival in Iran.
He studied music composition with Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud, and Olivier Messiaen. He is particularly remembered for his pioneering electronic and computer music, and for the use of stochastic mathematical techniques in his compositions, including probability (Maxwell-Boltzmann kinetic theory of gases in Pithoprakta, aleatory distribution of points on a plane in Diamorphoses, minimal constraints in Achorripsis, Gaussian distribution in ST/10 and Atrèes, Markovian chains in Analogiques), game theory (in Duel and Stratégie), group theory (Nomos Alpha), and Boolean algebra (in Herma and Eonta). In keeping with his use of probabilistic theories, many of Xenakis' pieces are, in his own words, "a form of composition which is not the object in itself, but an idea in itself, that is to say, the beginnings of a family of compositions."
In 1966, Xenakis founded the Centre for Automatic and Mathematical Music in Paris and subsequently set up a similar centre at Indiana University.
In 1962 he published Musique Formelles — later revised, expanded and translated into Formalized Music: Thought and Mathematics in Composition in 1971 — a collection of essays on his musical ideas and composition techniques.
Selected works
- Metastasis (part III of the triptych Anastenaria) (1953-1954), for orchestra of 60 musicians
- Pithoprakta (1955-1956), for orchestra of 49 musicians
- Eonta (1963), for piano and 5 brass instruments
- Oresteïa (1965-1966), on texts from Aeschylos, suite for children's choir, mixed choir with musical accessories and ensemble of 12 musicians
- Terretektorh (1965-1966), for 88 musicians dispersed among the audience
- Medea (1967), scene music on texts from Seneca, for male choir playing rythms with cymbals and 5 musicians
- Nomos Alpha (1966), for solo cello
- Polytope de Montréal (1967), spectacle of light and sound for 4 identical orchestras of 15 musicians
- Nuits (1967), on Sumerian, Assyrian, Achaean and other phonemes, for 12 mixed solo voices or mixed choir
- Nomos Gamma (1967-1968), for 98 musicians dispersed among the audience
- Anaktoria (1969), for ensemble of 8 musicians
- Kraanerg (1968-1969), ballet music, for orchestra and four-channel tape
- Persephassa (1969), for 6 percussionists
- Persepolis (1971), for light and sound (eight-channel tape)
- Cendrées (1973), for mixed choir of 72 (or 36) singers chanting phonemes by Iannis Xenakis and 73 musicians
- N'Shima (1975), on Hebrew words and phonemes, for 2 mezzo-sopranos (or altos) and 5 musicians
- Jonchaies (1977), for orchestra of 109 musicians
- Pléïades (1978), for 6 percussionists
- Shaar (1983), for large string orchestra
- Jalons (1986), for ensemble of 15 musicians
- Keqrops (1986), for solo piano and orchestra of 92 musicians
- Kassandra (Oresteïa II) (1987), for amplified baritone (also playing a 20-string psaltery) and percussion
- La Déesse Athéna (Oresteïa III) (1992), for baritone solo and mixed ensemble of 11 instruments
Bibliography
- Xenakis, Iannis: Formalized Music: Thought and Mathematics in Composition (Harmonologia Series No.6). Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press, 2001. ISBN 1576470792
- Matossian, Nouritza: Xenakis. London: Kahn and Averill, 1990. ISBN 187108217X
- Varga Bálint András: Conversations with Iannis Xenakis. London: Faber and Faber, 1996. ISBN 0571179592
External links
- Institute of Research on Music and Acoustics, Athens (Greece): Iannis Xenakis Pages (http://www.iema.culture.gr/xenakis/) (with several sound and score samples)
- Iannis-Xenakis.org (http://www.iannis-xenakis.org/english/) by the Friends of Xenakis
- Medieval.org: Modern Music: Xenakis (http://www.medieval.org/music/modern/xenakis.html)
- Edward Childs, PhD. "Achorripsis: A Sonification of Probability Distributions" (http://www.icad.org/websiteV2.0/Conferences/ICAD2002/proceedings/16_EdwardChilds.pdf) (5-page PDF)da:Iannis Xenakis
de:Iannis Xenakis es:Iannis Xenakis fr:Iannis Xenakis ja:ヤニス・クセナキス pl:Yannis Xenakis