Hydraulic ram
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- The use of the term hydraulic ram below describes a type of water pump. For the use of the term in vehicle extraction, see Jaws of Life.
A hydraulic ram is a water-powered cyclic pump. It harnesses the forces of water hammer to pump a portion of the water being used to power the pump to a point higher than where the water originally started. It is sometimes used in remote areas, where the right conditions exist, since it requires no outside source of power other than the kinetic energy of falling water.
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History
In 1772 John Whitehurst of Cheshire in England invented a manually controlled precursor of the hydraulic ram called the "pulsation engine". The first one he installed, in 1775 at Oulton, Cheshire, raised water to a height of 16 ft (4.9m). He installed another in an Irish property in 1783. He did not patent it, and details are obscure, but it is known to have had an air vessel.
The first self-acting ram pump was invented by the Frenchman Joseph Michel Montgolfier in 1796 for raising water in his paper mill at Voiron. His friend Matthew Boulton took out an English patent on his behalf in 1797. The sons of Montgolfier obtained an English patent for an improved version in 1816, and this was acquired, together with Whitehurst's design, in 1820 by Josiah Easton, a Somerset-born engineer who had just moved to London.
Easton's firm, inherited by his son James (1796 - 1871), grew during the nineteenth century to become one of the more important engineering manufacturers in Britain, with a large works at Erith, Kent. They specialised in water supply and sewerage systems world-wide, as well as land drainage projects. Eastons had a good business supplying rams for water supply purposes to large country houses, and also to farms and village communities, and a number of their installations still survive in 2004.
The firm was eventually closed in 1909, but the ram business was continued by James R Easton. In 1929 it was acquired by Green & Carter (http://www.greenandcarter.com/), of Winchester, Hampshire, who were engaged in the manufacturing and installation of the well-known Vulcan and Vacher Rams. Green & Carter now function from Ashbrittle, near Wellington, Somerset.
The first US patent was issued to J. Cerneau and S.S. Hallet in 1809. American interest in hydraulic rams picked up around 1840, as further patents were issued and domestic companies started offering rams for sale. Toward the end of the 19th Century, interest waned as electricity and electric pumps became widely available.
By the end of the twentieth century interest in hydraulic rams has revived, due to the needs of sustainable technology in developing countries, and energy conservation in developed ones.
Construction and principle of operation
A hydraulic ram has only two moving parts, a spring or weight loaded "waste" valve sometimes known as the "clack" valve and a "delivery" check valve, making it cheap to build, easy to maintain, and very reliable. In addition, there is a drive pipe supplying water from an elevated source, and a delivery pipe, taking a portion of the water that comes through the drive pipe to an elevation higher than the source.
Sequence of operation
Hydraulic_Ram.gif
1. Inlet - drive pipe;
2. Free flow at waste valve;
3. Outlet - delivery pipe;
4. Waste valve;
5. Delivery check valve;
6. Pressure vessel
Initially, the waste valve 4 is open, the delivery valve 5 is closed, The water in the drive pipe 1 starts to flow under the force of gravity and picks up speed and kinetic energy until it forces the waste valve closed. The momentum of the water flow in the supply pipe against the now closed waste valve causes a water hammer, raises the pressure in the pump and opens the delivery valve, so some water flows into the delivery pipe. Since this water is being forced uphill through the delivery pipe farther than it is falling downhill from the source, the flow slows down and when it reverses the delivery check valve closes. If all water flow has stopped, the loaded waste valve reopens against the now static head, allowing the process to begin again.
A common refinement is to add a pressure vessel containing some air between the pump and the delivery pipe. This cushions the shock when the waste valve closes and improves the efficiency by allowing a more constant flow through the delivery pipe. In a similar way a supply pipe and a barrel or a stand pipe may be added above the drive pipe so that the drive pipe does not have to be made too long. The optimum length of the drive pipe is 5 to 12 times the vertical distance between the source and the pump, or 500 to 1000 times the diameter of the drive pipe, whichever is less. This length of drive pipe typically results in a period between pulses of 1 to 2 seconds. A typical efficiency is 60%, but up to 80% is possible.
Common operational problems
Some common operational problems are intrusion of air into the drive pipe, blockage of the intake or valves with debris, knocking due to too little air in the pressure vessel, and freezing in winter.
See Also
Centre for Alternative Technology - An eco-village education centre in Wales that features a hydraulic ram.
External Links
Details of how to make a homemade hydraulic ram (http://www.clemson.edu/irrig/Equip/ram.htm) Green and Carter (http://www.greenandcarter.com/)