Grayling (genus)
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- For other uses of "grayling" see Grayling.
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| Missing image Arctic_grayling.jpg Arctic grayling Arctic grayling (T. arcticus arcticus) | ||||||||||||||
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(see text)
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Thymallus Linck, 1790, is a genus of freshwater fish in the salmon family (family Salmonidae) of order Salmoniformes; it is the only genus of subfamily Thymallinae. The type species is T. thymallus, the grayling. The genus's five distinct species are generically called graylings, but without qualification this also refers specifically to T. thymallus.
The fishes of this genus are native to the northern parts of the Nearctic and Palearctic ecozones, ranging from the United Kingdom and northern Europe across Eurasia to Siberia, as well as northern North America. T. thymallus, the grayling proper, is widespread in Europe, and T. arcticus arcticus, the Arctic grayling, is widespread throughout Eurasia east of the Ural Mountains and in the Nearctic. The other species and T. arcticus subspecies have more localized ranges.
The Thymallus species are distinguished from other members of the salmon family by their larger scales, their small mouths with teeth on the maxillary bone, and most striking of all, their showy, sail-like dorsal fins. This fin is longer in males and highly colourful, with spots of red, orange, purple or green. The body is also colourful; the dorsal surface is a dark purplish to bluish black or gray, grading to dark blue or silver gray on the flanks and gray or white on the belly. The body is further decorated with a smattering of small dark spots; these are much more numerous in juveniles. The largest of the graylings in terms of length is the Arctic grayling (T. arcticus arcticus) at a maximum length of 76 cm (30 in) and a maximum weight of 3.8 kg (8.4 lb); other subspecies of T. arcticus are typically half this length or less. The grayling proper, T. thymallus, while somewhat shorter—60 cm (24 in)—may weigh significantly more, 6.7 kg (15 lb). The fishes of this genus may live for 18 years or more.
As they are highly sensitive to changes in water quality, Thymallus fishes may be considered indicator species; T. arcticus arcticus has largely disappeared from the Great Lakes basin. These fishes require cool, well-oxygenated water, preferably with a swift current; they are found in large sandy- or gravelly-bottomed rivers and lakes, but T. thymallus may occasionally be found in brackish conditions. Generally omnivorous, they feed primarily on crustaceans, insects, and zooplankton.
The grayling species, typically for salmonids, spawn in rivers and do not guard their brood, although they do conceal their eggs in silt. The spawning behavior of the Arctic grayling may be typical for the Thymallus species.
Arctic_grayling2.jpg
Due to their agreeable taste and attractive form, the grayling species are valued as food and game fishes, and they are occasionally seen in public aquaria. The most economically important of these fishes, for which fisheries and aquaculture operations exist, are the Arctic grayling (T. arcticus arcticus) and the grayling proper (T. thymallus).
The generic name Thymallus derives from the Greek θύμαλλος, a name for the grayling.
Franz Steindachner (1834-1919) classified the Adriatic trout (Salmo obtusirostris) as Thymallus microlepis, but that name is not considered valid.
Species
- T. arcticus:
- T. arcticus arcticus – Arctic grayling
- T. arcticus baicalensis – Baikal black grayling
- T. arcticus grubii – Amur grayling
- T. arcticus mertensii
- T. arcticus pallasi – East Siberian grayling
- T. brevirostris – Mongolian grayling
- T. nigrescens – Kosogol grayling
- T. thymallus – Grayling
- T. yaluensis