Gestalt psychology
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Gestalt psychology (also: Gestalt theory of the Berlin School) is a psychological theory which provides a framework for a wide variety of psychological phenomena, processes, and applications. Human beings are viewed as open systems in active interaction with their environment. It is especially suited for the understanding of order and structure in psychological events. According to Gestalt psychology, people naturally organize their perceptions according to certain patterns.
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Origins
Although Max Wertheimer is to be credited as the founder of the movement, the concept of Gestalt was first introduced in contemporary philosophy and psychology by Christian von Ehrenfels (a member of the School of Brentano). The idea of Gestalt has its roots in theories by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Immanuel Kant, and Ernst Mach.
Both von Ehrenfels and Edmund Husserl seem to have been inspired by Mach's work Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen (Contributions to the Analysis of the Sensations, 1886), in formulating their very similar concepts of Gestalt and Figural Moment, respectively.
Early 20th century theorists, such as Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and Wolfgang Köhler (students of Carl Stumpf) saw objects as perceived within an environment according to all of their elements taken together as a global construct. This 'gestalt', or 'whole form' approach sought to isolate principles of perception; seemingly innate mental 'laws', which determined the way in which objects were perceived.
These laws took several forms, such as the grouping of similar, or proximate objects together, within this global process. Although it has been criticised for being merely descriptive, it has formed the basis of much further research into the perception of patterns and objects (ref: Carlson, Buskist & Martin, 2000) and of research into behavior, thinking, problem solving and psychopathology.
Pragnanz
The most basic rule of gestalt is the law of pragnanz. This law says that we try to experience things in as good a gestalt way as possible. In this sense, "good" can mean several things, such as regular, orderly, simplistic, symmetrical, etc. The other gestalt laws are:
- Law of Closure - if something is missing, our mind adds it
- Law of Similarity - our mind groups similar things together
- Law of Proximity - things that are close together are seen as belonging together
- Law of Symmetry - symmetrical images are seen as belonging together regardless of distance
- Law of Continuity- our mind continues a pattern even after it stops
Figure-ground minds have an innate tendency to perceive one aspect of an event as the figure or foreground and the other as the ground or the background.
Under the gestalt theory, these laws not only apply to images, but to thought processes, memories, and our understanding of time.
Examples of the Gestalt experience include the perception of an incomplete circle as a whole or a pattern of dots as a shape - the mind completes the missing pieces through extrapolation. Studies also indicate that simple elements/compositions where the meaning is directly perceived do not offer as much a challenge to the mind as complex ones and hence the latter are preferred over the former.
Relationship to gestalt therapy
Gestalt psychology should not be confused with the Gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls, which is only peripherally linked to Gestalt psychology. A strictly Gestalt psychology based therapeutic method is Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy, developed by the German Gestalt psychologist and psychotherapist Hans-Juergen Walter.
See also
- Gestalt effect
- structural information theory
- Wolfgang Metzger
- Solomon Asch
- Fritz Perls
- Gestalt therapy
- James Tenney
- Graz School
- Important publications in gestalt psychology
External links
- Receptions, Readings and Interpretations of Gestalt psychology - by Fiorenza Toccafondi (http://gestalttheory.net/archive/toccafondi.html)
- 14th international Gestalt theory conference February 2005, Graz (Austria) (http://www.gestalttheory.net/conv/)
- Classical Gestalt psychology literature (http://gestalttheory.net/archive/)
- International Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications - GTA (http://gestalttheory.net/)
- Gestalt Theory - An International Multidisciplinary Journal (http://www.gestalttheory.net/gth/)
- Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy (http://gestalttheory.net/gtp/)
- The gestalt therapy page (http://www.gestalt.org/)
- The theory of gestalt therapy (http://www.aagt.org/html/chapter.HTM)
- The world in your head - by Steven Lehar (http://www.gestalttheory.net/pubs/lehar_review.html)
- The new gestalt psychology of the 21st century (http://www.enane.de/cont.htm)de:Gestalttheorie
es:Psicología Gestalt eo:Gesxtalto fr:Psychologie de la forme nl:Gestaltpsychologie ja:ゲシュタルト心理学 lt:Geštalt psichologija pl:Gestalt pt:Gestalt sv:Gestaltpsykologi zh:格式塔学派