Gekiga
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Gekiga (劇画) is Japanese for "dramatic pictures." The term was coined by Yoshihiro Tatsumi and adopted other by more serious Japanese cartoonists who did not want their trade to be known as manga or "irresponsible pictures." Its akin to Will Eisner who started calling his comics "Graphic novels" as opposed to "comic books" for the same reason.
Tatsumi began publishing "gekiga" in 1957. Gekiga was vastly different than most manga at the time which were aimed at children. These "dramatic pictures" emerged not from the mainstream manga publications in Tokyo headed by Osamu Tezuka but from the lending libraries based out of Osaka. The lending library industry tolerated more experimental and offensive works to be published than the mainstream "Tezuka camp" during this time period.
By the late 1960s and early 1970s the children who grew up reading manga wanted something aimed at older audiences and gekiga provided for that niche. In addition this particular generation came to be known as the manga generation and read manga as a form of rebellion (which was similar to the role rock and roll played for hippies in the United States). Manga reading was particularly common in 1960s among anti US Japan Security Treaty and Labor oriented student protest groups at this time. These youth became known in Japan as being the "manga generation".
Because of the growing popularity of these originally underground comics, even Osamu Tezuka began to display the influence of gekiga cartoonits in works such as Hi no Tori (Phoenix), produced in the early 1970s, and especially in Adolf, produced in the early 1980s. Adolf has heavy influences from Tatsumi's artwork, with more realistic styling and darker settings than most of Tezuka’s work. In turn Tatsumi was influenced by Tezuka though storytelling techniques.
Not only was the storytelling in gekiga more serious but also the style was more realistic. Gekiga constitute the work of first generation of Japanese alternative cartoonists. Despite the original goals of gekiga to provide more realistic more mature stories, some authors abused this original defintion to produce works that only contained shock factor.
As a result of Tezuka adopting gekiga styles and storytelling, there was an acceptance of a wide diversity of experimental stories into the mainstream comic market commonly referred to critics as being the Golden Age of Manga. This started around 1970s and continued into the 1980s. It gradually ended as mainstream shōnen magazines became increasingly more commercialized.
More recently the most mainstream shōnen publications have lost a lot of gekiga influence and these kinds of works are now found in slightly more underground publications (usually seinen magazines). In addition other artistic movements have emerged in alternative manga like the emergence of the avant-garde magazine Garo around the time of gekiga's acceptance into the mainstream manga market and the much later Nouvelle Manga movement. These movements have superseded gekiga as alternative comics in Japan.
A few Examples of Mangaka who Draw in Gekiga Style
- Yoshihiro Tatsumi
- Osamu Tezuka (not always but did some works)
- Kazuo Umezu
- Takao Saitou (of Golgo 13 fame)
References
- Drawn and Quarterly Volume 5. Ed. Chris Oliveros Montreal, Quebec: Drawn & Quarterly, 2003. pg 59 ISBN 1-896597-61-0.
- Schodt, Frederik L. Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga. Berkeley, Calif.: Stone Bridge Press, 1996. ISBN 188065623X.
- Schodt, Frederik L. Manga! Manga!: The World of Japanese Comics. New York: Kodansha International, 1983. ISBN 870117521, ISBN 4770023057.