First Nations of Canada
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carved mask, Vancouver BC
They have also been known as Indians, Native Americans, Native Canadians, Aboriginal Americans, Amerindians, or Aboriginals, and are officially called Indians in the Indian Act, which defines the status of First Nations, and in the Indian Register, the official record of members of First Nations.
The First Nations people of Canada are made up of four main groups, excluding the Inuit and Métis. Each of these main groups contain many tribes, each of which have adapted to their environments which were all slightly different. The four main groups are subdivided by the following geographic areas:
- The Pacific coast and mountains.
- The Plains.
- The St. Lawrence valley.
- The North-East Woodlands (broad region, encompassing the woods near the Atlantic/maritimes to the tree-line in the Arctic).
The term is also used to designate bands of aboriginal people for whom reserves have been provided under the Canadian Indian Act. A representative body for Canadian First Nations is the Assembly of First Nations.
The use of the word "Indian" in day-to-day language is erratic in Canada, with some seeing the term as offensive while some aboriginal people prefer it to alternate terminology such as "aboriginal."
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Pacific Coast peoples
Among the largest tribes are the Haida, Nuu-chah-nulth, and Salish. These people traditionally ate fish, primarily salmon and silvery eulachon from the ocean, as well as fish from lakes and rivers, and roots and berries. They made use of the forests of the Pacific to build dug-out canoes, and houses made of evenly-split planks of wood. They used tools made of stone and wood. The native peoples of the Pacific coast also made totem poles, a trait attributed to other tribes as well.
Plains Indians
The plains include primarily the Sioux, Blackfoot, the Plains-Cree, and the Plains-Ojibwa. These people traditionally used tipis covered with skins as their homes. Their main sustenance was the buffalo, which they used as food, and for all their garments. Tribal leaders often wore large headdresses made of feathers, something which is wrongfully attributed to all first nations peoples.
First Nations of the St. Lawrence
The largest group near the St. Lawrence waterway are the Iroquois. They included the Huron peoples of central Ontario and the League of Five Nations who lived in the United States, south of Lake Ontario.
First Nations of the North-East Woodlands
These include the Algonquins, Mi'kmaqs in the Maritimes, the Innu in Quebec, and the Cree and Ojibwa in northern Ontario and Manitoba.
List of First Nations groups
This is a list of Canada's First Nations.
Pacific Coast
- Coast Salish
- Dakelh (Carrier)
- Dene-thah (Slavey)
- Gitksan
- Haida
- Hesquiat
- Koskimo
- Ktunaxa (Kootenay)
- Kwakiutl (Kwakwaka'wakw)
- Nisga'a
- Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)
- Tla-o-qui-aht (Clayoquot)
- Nuxalk (Bella Coola)
- Okanagan
- Secwepemc (Shuswap)
- Songhees (Songish)
- Tsilhoqot'in (Chilcotin)
- Tlingit
- Tsimshian
- Wet'suwet'en
Plains First Nations
- Anishinabe
- Blackfoot
- Chipewyan
- Kainah (Blood)
- Nakoda (Assiniboine)
- Okanagan
- Peigan
- Plains-Cree
- Plains-Ojibwa
- Siksika (Blackfoot)
- Sioux
- Stoney
- Tasttine (Beaver)
- Tsuu T'ina (Sarcee)
Northeast Woodlands
Atlantic Coastal Region
- Beothuk (extinct)
- Innu (Labrador)
- Maliseet
- Mi'kmaq (Micmac)
- Passamaquoddy
St. Lawrence River Valley
- Algonquin
- Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)
- Munsee branch of the Lenape (Delawares)
- Neutral
- Tobacco
- Wyandot (Huron)
Arctic Canada
Status
Members of First Nations are known officially as registered Indians if they are entitled to benefits under the Indian Act; a more common term is status Indian (from treaty status), with non-status Indian designating a member of a First Nation who is not entitled to benefits. All members of First Nations who are entitled to benefits are entered in the Indian Register. Administration of the Indian Act is carried out by the federal Department of Indian and Northern Affairs.
Treatment
Until the late 1960s First Nations were treated in order to try to assimilate them into Canadian culture. They still claim to receive inadequate education funding and claim to have had their rights overlooked in many instances. James K. Bartleman, Lieutenant Govenor of Ontario, has listed the encouragement of aboriginal young people as one of his key priorities, and during his term (begun in 2002) has launched initiatives to promote literacy and bridge building.
First Nations as bands
The term First Nation is also used to designate bands for whom reserves have been designated. For example, the Moravian of the Thames First Nation is a Munsee (Lenape) band for whom Moravian No. 47 reserve has been designated. However, they do not constitute all Munsee in Canada – other Munsee groups live on Munsee-Delaware Nation and Six Nations of the Grand River reserves.
See also
Native American, List of aboriginal communities in Canada, List of place names in Canada of aboriginal origin
External links
- Assembly of First Nations website (http://www.afn.ca)
- Naming guidelines (http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/pr/pub/wf/index_e.html) of the Government of Canada's Department of Indian and Northern Affairs