Ex cathedra
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In Roman Catholic dogma, the Latin phrase ex cathedra, literally meaning "from the throne" is applied in Catholic theology to statements made by the pope in his capacity as infallible guide and teacher of the faithful. The dogma was promulgated in 1870, in the closing days of the Italian Risorgimento. A papal statement made ex cathedra is said to be protected by the Holy Spirit from all error. In this case, ex cathedra indicates the highest of authorities ascribed to the pope, defined by virtue of his supreme apostolic authority and his office as shepherd and teacher of all Catholics in Pastor Aeternus of First Vatican Council. However, difficulties often arise when Catholic theologians disagree about whether or not certain statements have been made ex cathedra and when Catholic theologians accept that a statement has been made ex cathedra, but nevertheless disagree about precisely what this infallibly true statement means.