Economy of Bulgaria
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Bulgaria's economy contracted dramatically after 1989 with the collapse of the COMECON system and the loss of the Soviet market, to which the Bulgarian economy had been closely tied. The standard of living fell by about 40%, only to regain pre-1989 levels in June of 2004. In addition, UN sanctions against Serbia (1992-95) and Iraq took a heavy toll on the Bulgarian economy. First signs of recovery emerged when GDP grew 1.4% in 1994 for the first time since 1988, and 2.5% in 1995. Inflation, which surged in 1994 to 122%, fell to 32.9% in 1995. During 1996, however, the economy collapsed due to the BSP's go-slow, mismanaged economic reforms, its disastrous agricultural policy, and an unstable and decapitalized banking system, which led to inflation of 311% and the collapse of the lev. When pro-reform forces come into power in spring 1997, an ambitious economic reform package, including introduction of a currency board regime, was agreed with the IMF and the World Bank, and the economy began to stabilize.
Since 1990, the bulk of Bulgarian trade has shifted from former COMECON countries primarily to the European Union, although Russian oil exports to Bulgaria make it Bulgaria's largest single trading partner. In December 1996, Bulgaria joined the World Trade Organization. Bulgaria's slow pace of cash privatization, contradictory government tax and investment policies, and bureaucratic red tape have kept foreign investment among the lowest in the region. Total direct foreign investment from 1991 through 1996 was $831 million. Germany was the largest investor.
The BSP promised to move forward on cash and mass privatization upon taking office in January 1995 but was slow to act. The first round of mass privatization finally began in January 1996, and auctions began toward the end of that year. The second and third rounds were conducted in Spring 1997 under a new government. In July 1998, the UDF-led government and the IMF reached agreement on a 3-year loan worth about $800 million, which replaced the 14-month stand-by agreement that expired in June 1998. The loan will be used to develop financial markets, improve social safety net programs, strengthen the tax system, reform agricultural and energy sectors, and further liberalize trade.
Economy - overview: In April 1997, the current ruling Union of Democratic Forces (UDF) government won pre-term parliamentary elections and introduced an IMF currency board system which succeeded in stabilizing the economy. The triple digit inflation of 1996 and 1997 has given way to an official consumer price increase of 6.2% in 1999. Following declines in GDP in both 1996 and 1997, the economy grew an officially estimated 3.5% in 1998 and 2.5% in 1999. In September 1998, the IMF approved a three-year Extended Fund Facility, which provides credits worth approximately $900 million, designed to support Bulgaria's reform efforts. In 1999, an unfavorable international environment - primarily caused by the Kosovo conflict - and structural reforms slowed economic growth, but forecasters are predicting accelerated growth over the next several years. The government's structural reform program includes: (a) privatization and, where appropriate, liquidation of state-owned enterprises (SOEs); (b) liberalization of agricultural policies, including creating conditions for the development of a land market; (c) reform of the country's social insurance programs; and (d) reforms to strengthen contract enforcement and fight crime and corruption.
Statistics
GDP: purchasing power parity - $61.63 billion (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 5.6% (2004 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $8,200 (2004 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture:
11.5%
industry:
30.1%
services:
58.4% (2003)
Population below poverty line: 13.4% (2002 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%:
5.6%
highest 10%:
22.8% (1997)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 26.4% (2001)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.0% (2004 est.)
Labor force: 3.398 million (2004 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 11%, industry 32.5%, services 56.3% (2004, 3rd quarter)
Unemployment rate: 12.7% (2004)
Budget:
revenues:
$9.67 billion
expenditures:
$9.619 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2004 est.)
Public debt: 48% of GDP (2003 est.)
Industries: electricity, machine building and metal working, food processing, chemicals, construction materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals, nuclear fuel
Industrial production growth rate: 5.2% (2004 est.)
Electricity - production: 43.07 TWh (2002)
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel:
48%
hydro:
8%
nuclear:
44%
other:
0% (1998)
Electricity - consumption: 32.71 TWh (2002)
Electricity - exports: 8.3 TWh (2002)
Electricity - imports: 0.96 TWh (2002)
Oil - production: 603 barrel/d (96 m³/d) 2001 est.
Oil - consumption: 94,000 barrel/d (15,000 m³/d) 2001 est.
Oil - exports: NA
Oil - imports: NA
Oil - proved reserves: 8.1 million barrels (1,300,000 m³) (1 January 2002)
Natural gas - production: 4 million m³ (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 5.804 km³ (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 0 m³ (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 5.8 km³ (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 3.724 km³ (1 January 2002)
Agriculture - products: vegetables, fruits, tobacco, livestock, wine, wheat, barley, sunflowers, sugar beets
Exports: $9.134 billion (f.o.b., 2004 est.)
Exports - commodities: machinery and equipment; metals, minerals, and fuels; chemicals and plastics; food, tobacco, clothing
Exports - partners: Italy 14.6%, Germany 11.7%, Turkey 9.2%, US 5.8%, Greece 5.7%, Belgium 5.4%, France 5.1% (2003)
Imports: $12.23 billion (f.o.b., 2004 est.)
Imports - commodities: fuels, minerals, and raw materials; machinery and equipment; metals and ores; chemicals and plastics; food, textiles (1998)
Imports - partners: Germany 14.4%, Russia 12.6%, Italy 10.3%, Greece 6.7%, Turkey 6.2%, France 5.7% (2003)
Current account balance: $682.9 million (2004 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold: $7.526 billion (2004 est.)
Debt - external: $16.1 billion (November 2004 est.)
Economic aid - recipient: $600 million (2002 est.)
Currency: 1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki
Exchange rates:
leva per US dollar - 1.66 (2004), 1.7327 (2003), 2.077 (2002), 2.1847 (2001), 2.1233 (2000) on 5 July 1999 the lev was re-denominated; the post-5 July 1999 lev is equal to 1,000 of the pre-5 July 1999 leva
Fiscal year: calendar year