Early Cyrillic alphabet
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The Early Cyrillic alphabet was a writing system developed in Bulgaria during the 10th century A.D. for the writing of Old Church Slavonic. With Christianity having been made the official state religion in 864, King Boris I commissioned the creation of the alphabet. Climent of Ochrid developed the alphabet and named it for his teacher, St. Cyril, a missionary who, along with his brother, Methodius, is credited with inventing the Glagolitic alphabet, an earlier Slavic alphabet and an influence on this one. The alphabet also shows influence from the Greek and Latin alphabets. In the following centuries, the Early Cyrillic was replaced by a later form, the Modern Cyrillic alphabet, which is still widely in use throughout Asia and Eastern Europe. Template:IPA notice
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The alphabet
| Image | Unicode | Name (Cyrillic) | Name (transliterated) | Name (IPA) | Transliteration | IPA | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Azu.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Azu.png | А а | АЗЪ | azǔ | a | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Buky.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Buky.png | Б б | БѸКИ | buky | b | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Viedi.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Viedi.png | В в | ВѢДИ | vědě | v | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Glagoli.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Glagoli.png | Г г | ГЛАГОЛИ | glagoli | g | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Dobro.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Dobro.png | Д д | ДОБРО | dobro | d | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yesti.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yesti.png | Є є | ѤСТЬ | estǐ | e | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Zhiviete.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Zhiviete.png | Ж ж | ЖИВѢТЄ | živěte | ž, zh | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Dzelo.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Dzelo.png | Ѕ ѕ | ЅѢЛО | dzělo | dz, Z | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Zemlia.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Zemlia.png | З з | ЗЄМЛIА | zeml’ja | z | See note 1 | ||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Izhe.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Izhe.png | И и | ИЖЄ | iže | i | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_I.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter I.png | І і / Ї ї | И | i | i, I | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Kako.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Kako.png | К к | КАКО | kako | k | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Liudiye.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Liudiye.png | Л л | ЛЮДИѤ | ljudije | l | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Myslite.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Myslite.png | М м | МЫСЛИТЄ | mūslite | m | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Nashi.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Nashi.png | Н н | НАШЬ | našǐ | n | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Onu.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Onu.png | О о | ОНЪ | onǔ | o | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Pokoi.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Pokoi.png | П п | ПОКОИ | pokoi | p | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Koppa.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Koppa.png | Ҁ ҁ | КОППА? | koppa? | q | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Ritsi.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Ritsi.png | Р р | РЬЦИ | rǐci | r | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Slovo.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Slovo.png | С с | СЛОВО | slovo | s | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Tvrido.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Tvrido.png | Т т | ТВРЬДО | tvrǐdo | t | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Uku.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Uku.png | Ѹ ѹ | ѸКЪ | ukǔ | u | See note 2 | ||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Fritu.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Fritu.png | Ф ф | ФРЬТЪ | frǐtǔ | f | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Khieru.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Khieru.png | Х х | ХѢРЪ | xěrǔ | ? | x | ||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Otu.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Otu.png | Ѡ ѡ | ОТЪ | otǔ | ō, w | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Tsi.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Tsi.png | Ц ц | ЦИ | ci | c | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Chrivi.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Chrivi.png | Ч ч | ЧРЬВЬ | červ | č, ch | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Sha.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Sha.png | Ш ш | ША | ša | š, sh | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Shta.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Shta.png | Щ щ | ШТА | šta | št, sht, šč, shch | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yeru.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yeru.png | Ъ ъ | ѤРЪ | jerǔ | ǔ, u: | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yery.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yery.png | Ы ы | ѤРЫ | jerū | ū | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yeri.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yeri.png | Ь ь | ѤРЬ | jerǐ | ǐ, i: | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yati.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yati.png | Ѣ ѣ | ЯТЬ | jatǐ | ě, je | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yu.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yu.png | Ю ю | Ю | ju | ju | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Ya.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Ya.png | Я я | (И)Я | ja | ja | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yusu_Maliy.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Maliy.png | Ѧ ѧ | ѦСЪ | ęsǔ | ę, ẽ | See note 3 | ||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yusu_Maliy_Yotirovaniy.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Maliy Yotirovaniy.png | Ѩ ѩ | ѨСЪ | jęsǔ | ję, jẽ | See note 4 | ||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yusu_Bolshiy.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Bolshiy.png | Ѫ ѫ | ѪСЪ | ǫsǔ | ǫ, õ | See note 5 | ||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Yusu_Bolshiy_Yotirovaniy.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Bolshiy Yotirovaniy.png | Ѭ ѭ | ѬСЪ | jǫsǔ | jǫ, jõ | See note 6 | ||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Ksi.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Ksi.png | Ѯ ѯ | КСИ | ksi | ks | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Psi.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Psi.png | Ѱ ѱ | ПСИ | psi | ps | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Fita.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Fita.png | Ѳ ѳ | ФИТА | fita | θ, th, T, F | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Izhitsa.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Izhitsa.png | Ѵ ѵ | ИЖИЦА | ižica | ü | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Ye.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Ye.png | Ѥ ѥ | (И)Ѥ | jeː | jeː | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Dierv.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Dierv.png | Ћ ћ | ДѤРВ | đerv, djerv | đ, dj | See note 7 | ||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_Tvrido_Otu.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter Tvrido Otu.png | Ѿ ѿ | ТВРЬДО ОТЪ | tvrǐdo otǔ | tō, tw | |||
| Missing image Early_Cyrillic_letter_O.png Image:Early Cyrillic letter O.png | See note 8 | ||||||
Notes
- Zemlya: The first form developed into the second.
- Ouku: The first form developed into a vertical ligature, shown in the second form.
- Ęsǔ: In Russian, this glyph is called ЮСЪ МАЛЫЙ (jusǔ malūi; IPA: [jusʌ malyi]).
- Jęsǔ: In Russian, this glyph is called ЮСЪ МАЛЫЙ ЁТИРОВАНИЙ (jusǔ malūi jotirovanij; IPA: [jusʌmalyi jotirovanij]). This glyph is rare.
- Ǫsǔ: In Russian, this glyph is called ЮСЪ БОЛЬШИЙ (jusǔ bolǐšij; IPA: [jusʌ bolyʃiː]). This glyph is rare.
- Jǫsǔ: In Russian, this glyph is called ЮСЪ БОЛЬШИЙ ЁТИРОВАНИЙ (jusǔ bolǐšij jotirovanij; IPA: [jusʌ bolyʃiː jotirovanij]). This glyph is rare.
- Đerv: This letter is present in the Glagolitic alphabet, but its sound had disappeared by the time Cyrillic started to be used. In Russian, Gherv or Dzherv is only used in modern scientific texts where Cyrillic is used to transliterate Glagolitic; the character is found in some Balkan languages, notably the languages of the former Yugoslavia.
- Ornate omega: The name of this glyph is unknown; it would seem to be used in interjections, especially before vocatives.
Numerals, diacritics and punctuation
Each letter also had a numeric value, inherited from the corresponding Greek letter. A titlo over a sequence of letters indicated their use as a number. See Cyrillic numerals, Titlo.
Several diacritics, adopted from Polytonic Greek orthography, were also used (these may not appear correctly in all web browsers; they are supposed to be directly above the letter, not off to its upper right):
- Template:Polytonic oksia, indicating a stressed syllable (Unicode U+1FFD), similar to an acute accent
- Template:Polytonic varia, indicating stress on the last syllable (U+1FEF), similar to a grave accent
- Template:Polytonic kamora, indicating palatalization (U+0484), similar to an inverted breve
- Template:Polytonic dasy pneuma, rough breathing mark (U+0485)
- Template:Polytonic zvatel'tse, or psilon pneuma, soft breathing mark (U+0486)
- Template:Polytonic titlo, indicating abbreviations, or letters used as numerals (U+0483)
- Template:Polytonic trema, diaeresis (U+0308)
- Template:Polytonic Combined zvatel'tse and oksia is called iso.
- Template:Polytonic Combined zvatel'tse and varia is called apostrof.
Punctuation marks:
- Template:Polytonic comma (U+002C)
- Template:Polytonic full stop (U+002E)
- Template:Polytonic Armenian full stop (U+0589), resembling a colon
- Template:Polytonic Greek question mark (U+037E), similar to a semicolon
- Template:Polytonic ano teleia (U+0387), a middle dot used as a word separator
- Template:Polytonic exclamation mark (U+0021)
See also
- Glagolitic alphabet
- Bosnian Cyrillic
- Modern Cyrillic alphabet
- Reforms of Russian orthography
- Cyrillic numerals
- Titlo
- Polytonic Greek orthography
References
- A Berdnikov and O Lapko, "Old Slavonic and Church Slavonic in TEX and Unicode", EuroTEX 99 Proceedings (http://www.uni-giessen.de/partosch/eurotex99/berdnikov2.pdf), September 1999 (PDF)
- DJ Birnbaum, "Unicode for Slavic Medievalists" (http://clover.slavic.pitt.edu/~repertorium/resources/unicode_sofia_1_post.pdf), September 28, 2002 (PDF)
- M Everson and R Cleminson, "Final proposal for encoding the Glagolitic script in the UCS", Expert Contribution to the ISO N2610R (http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2610r.pdf), September 4, 2003 (PDF)
- V Lev, "The history of the Ukrainian script (paleography)", in Ukraine: a concise encyclopdia, volume 1. University of Toronto Press, 1963, 1970, 1982. ISBN 0802031056
- V Simovyc and JB Rudnyckyj, "The history of Ukrainian orthography", in Ukraine: a concise encyclopdia, volume 1 (op cit).
- J Zamora, "Help me learn Church Slavonic", online (http://justin.zamora.com/slavonic/alphabet/letter-names.html)
- Ukrainian Wikipedia, "Кирилиця" (Cyrillic)uk:Кирилиця