Devonian
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Disambiguation: Devonian is also an adjective relating to the English county of Devon or the people there.
The Devonian is a geologic period of the Paleozoic era.
During the Devonian Period the first fish evolved legs and started to walk on land as amphibians, and the first arthropods like insects and spiders also started to colonize terrestrial habitats. The first seed-bearing plants spread across dry land, forming huge forests. In the oceans, fish diversified into the first sharks, and the first lobe-finned and bony fish. The first ammonite mollusks appeared, and trilobites, the mollusk-like brachiopods, as well as great coral reefs were still common. The Late Devonian extinction severely impacted marine life. The paleogeography was dominated by the supercontinent of Gondwana to the south, the continent of Siberia to the north, and the early formation of the small supercontinent of Euramerica in the middle.
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Naming
The period is named for Devonshire, England where Devonian outcrops are common. While the rock beds that define the start and end of the period are well identified, the exact dates are uncertain. According to the International Commission on Stratigraphy (Ogg, 2004), the Devonian extends from the end of the Silurian Period 416.0 ± 2.8 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous Period 359.2 ± 2.5 Mya (in North America, the beginning of the Mississippian subperiod of the Carboniferous).
The Devonian is also known as the Age of Fishes, but the term is out of favor. While fish underwent a major radiation it was only one of several major evolutionary landmarks during the period, and other lifeforms were more common.
The Devonian has also erroneously been characterized as a Greenhouse Age, due to sampling bias: most of the early Devonian-age discoveries came from the strata of western Europe and eastern North America, which at the time straddled the Equator as part of the supercontinent of Euramerica where fossil signatures of widespread reefs indicate tropical climates that warm and moderately humid.
Even more rarely the Devonian is also known as the Old Red Age, after the red and brown terrestrial deposits known in Britain as the "Old Red Sandstone" in which these early discoveries were found.
Devonian subdivisions
The Devonian is usually broken into lower, middle, and upper subdivisions. The faunal stages from youngest to oldest are:
Upper (most recent)
- Famennian/Chautauquan/Canadaway/Conneaut/Conneautan/Conewango/Conewangan
- Frasnian/Senecan/Sonyea/Sonyean/West Falls
Middle
- Cazenovia/Cazenovian
- Givetian/Erian/Senecan/Tioughniogan/Tioughnioga/Taghanic/Taghanican/Genesee/Geneseean
- Eifelian/Southwood
Lower (oldest)
Devonian rocks are oil and gas producers in some areas.
Devonian palaeogeography
The Devonian period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwanaland drew closer together. The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic of Cancer, which is formed as much in Paleozoic times as nowadays by the convergence of two great airmasses, the Hadley cell and the Ferrel cell. In these near-deserts, the Old Red Sandstone sedimentary beds formed, made red by the oxidized iron (hematite) characteristic of droughht conditions.
Near the equator, Pangaea began to consolidate from the plates containing North America and Europe, further raising the northern Appalachian Mountains and forming the Caledonides in Britain and Scandinavia. The west coast of Devonian North America, by contrast, was a passive margin with deep silty embayments, river deltas and estuaries, in today's Idaho and Nevada; an approaching volcanic island arc reached the steep slope of the continental shelf in late Devonian times and began to uplift deep water deposits, a collision that was the prelude to the mountain-building episode of Mississippian times called the Antler orogeny [1] (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7/devpaleo.html).
The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent of Gondwana. The remainder of modern Eurasia lay in the Northern Hemisphere. Sea levels were high worldwide, and much of the land lay submerged under shallow seas, where tropical reef organisms lived. The deep, enormous Panthalassa (the "universal ocean") covered the rest of the planet.
Devonian fauna
Marine biota
Sea levels in the Devonian were generally high. Marine faunas continued to be dominated by bryozoa, diverse and abundant brachiopods and corals. Lily-like crinoids were abundant, and trilobites were still fairly common, but less diverse than in earlier periods. The ostracoderms were joined in the mid-Devonian by the first jawed fishes, the great armored placoderms, as well as the first sharks and ray-finned fish. The first shark, the Cladoselache, appeared in the oceans during the Devonion period. They became abundant and diverse. In the late Devonian the lobe-finned fish appeared, giving rise to the first tetrapods.
Reefs
A great barrier reef, now left high and dry in the Kimberley Basin of northwest Australia, once extended a thousand kilometers, fringing a Devonian continent. Reefs in general are built by various carbonate-secreting organisms that have the ability to erect wave-resistant frameworks close to sea level. The main contributors of the Devonian reefs were unlike modern reefs, which are constructed mainly by corals and calcareous algae. They were composed of calcareous algae and coral-like stromatoporoids, and tabulate and rugose corals, in that order of importance.
Terrestrial biota
By the Devonian Period, life was well underway in its colonization of the land. The bacterial and algal mats were joined early in the period by primitive plants that created the first recognizable soils and harbored some arthropods like mites, scorpions and myriapods. Early Devonian plants did not have roots or leaves like the plants most common today, and many had no vascular tissue at all. They probably spread largely by vegetative growth, and did not grow much more than a few centimeters tall.
By the late Devonian, forests of small, primitive plants existed: lycophytes, sphenophytes, ferns, and progymnosperms had evolved. Most of these plants have true roots and leaves, and many were quite tall. The tree-like ancestral fern Archaeopteris, grew as a large tree with true wood. These are the oldest known trees of the world's first forests. By the end of the Devonian, the first seed-forming plants had appeared. This rapid appearance of so many plant groups and growth forms has been called the "Devonian Explosion". The primitive arthropods co-evolved with this diversified terrestrial vegetation structure. The evolving co-dependence of insects and seed-plants that characterizes a recognizably modern world had its genesis in the late Devonian.
The 'greening' of the continents acted as a carbon dioxide sink, and atmospheric levels of this greenhouse gas may have dropped. This may have cooled the climate and led to a massive extinction event. see Late Devonian extinction.
Also in the Devonian, both vertebrates and arthropods were solidly established on the land.
References
- Jim Ogg. (2004) "Overview of global boundary stratotype sections and points (GSSP's) (http://www.stratigraphy.org)". International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS).
See also
- Geologic timescale
- Phacops rana: a Devonian trilobite.
External links
- UC Berkeley site introduces the Devonian. (http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/devonian/devlife.html)
- 'Devonian Times;' life and ecology. (http://www.mdgekko.com/devonian/index.html)
- Devonian reef system in northwest Australia. (http://www.nd.edu/~cneal/al375/Kimb_Geology.html)
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