Croatian Communist Party
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Croatian Communist Party (Croatian Komunistička Partija Hrvatske, KPH) also known as the Croatian League of Communists (Croatian Savez Komunista Hrvatske, SKH) was the Croatian branch of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ).
The party was formally founded in 1937 with Pajo Gregurić as its first general secretary. The reasons for KPJ to have its specifically Croatian branch were partly ideological, partly practical. Croatia, just as Slovenia, which would have its Communist Party at the same time, was the most industrialised part of the country, with the biggest percentage of working class in the population, and, therefore, more likely to adopt Communism than rural Serbia. The other, more practical, reason was in the increased marginalisation of Communists in Croatian political life due to public more preoccupied with ethnic issues and position of Croatia within Yugoslavia (cf. Croatia in the first Yugoslavia). Territorial aspirations of fascist Italy towards Croatian parts of Yugoslavia also presented opportunity for the creation of broad Communist-dominated alliances modelled on Popular Front.
KPH, just like KPJ, was illegal and, therefore, remained marginalised, especially after the 1939 Cvetković-Maček Agreement and the creation of the banovina of Croatia within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Party's fortunes dramatically changed with the 1941 Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and creation of the Independent State of Croatia. Although KPH had many of its leading figures arrested and killed by new regime, it remained strong enough to form what would become the only truly effective resistance movement in Croatia — the Partisans. KPH was based on ideological rather than ethnic grounds and, therefore, had support in both ethnic Croat and ethnic Serb areas. This allowed Tito's Partisans to mount ultimately successfull guerilla campaign. KPH platform of post-war reorganisation of Yugoslavia on federal grounds also attracted many non-Communist Croatians to its cause, especially in the later stages of war.
In 1945 Yugoslavia was indeed federalised with Croatia becoming a republic, but its nominal autonomy was of little importance with KPJ being heavily centralised and KPH - renamed into SKH in 1952 - being its integral part.
Things began to change in late 1960s with Josip Broz Tito allowing for reformist policies embodied of new generation of Communist leaders. This generation included SKH leaders Savka Dabčević-Kučar and Mika Tripalo who would start movement called the Croatian Spring, advocating for more autonomy of Croatia within Yugoslavia. They advocated against centralism which disproportionately benefitted the eastern parts of Yugoslavia, especially Serbia and Macedonia.
The movement, however, created a lot of ethnic tension and increasing opposition from the more conservative Party members. In December 1971, on the Karađorđevo conference of the SKJ, Tito publicly distanced himself from Croatian Spring, leading to the end of the movement. Using the alleged Croatian nationalism as a pretext, SKH was subsequently purged from most of its liberal and reformist elements.
As a result, SKH in the 1970s became one of the most conservative sections of SKJ and remained interested in maintaining ideological and political status quo even when other branches of SKJ began to explore new ideas. Because of that, SKH in late 1980s was slow to react when Serbian Communist Party under Slobodan Milošević took nationalist course. SKH began to openly condemn Milošević only in 1989 after Serbian nationalist demonstrations in areas that would later become Republic of Serbian Krajina.
Another reason for this change of policy was increasingly apparent prospect of SKH being forced to allow some form of multi-party democracy and having its power tested on free elections. SKH quickly adopted a new reformist platform and pushed for the constitutional ammendments allowing first free elections in 1990. In January 1990 the Croatian Party delegation left the 17th Congress of SKJ, few hours after the Slovenian Party delegation did so over a row with the Serbian Party delegation.
In the next few months, SKH tried very hard to present itself as modern and reformist party, rebranding itself into a new party that would ultimately become Social Democratic Party of Croatia. Those and other changes, however, weren't very convincing to the Croatian electorate and SKH lost power to Croatian Democratic Union of Franjo Tuđman.
It is estimated that in the 1980s, during its zenith, the SKH had around 300-400,000 members. Subsequent surveys showed that most of the membership left the party in 1990, with only minority remaining active in politics. Of those, majority joined the HDZ.
Another reason why the Party lost support in Croatia was because it was accused of being dominated by the Serb minority. The Serb influence was indeed disproportionate at times. Serbs held the presidency of the party twice, one up to 1942, the other from 1986. In 1989, 30% of the members of the Croatian League of Communists were Serbs, while their overall percentage in the republic was less than 13%.
Ethnic composition of the governments
Government of April 14, 1945
Government of October 22, 1949
Executive Committee of February 7, 1953
Executive Committee Spring 1958
Executive Committee of 1963
- 5 Croats
- 6 members of unknown or undeclared ethnicity
Sources
- Shoup, Paul. "Communism and the Yugoslav national question". New York: Columbia University Press, 1968. 308 p. 24 cm
- Chapter 4, Government and Politics/Regional Political Issues/Croatia of the U.S. Library of Congress country study of Yugoslavia (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/yutoc.html)