Coordinate rotations and reflections
|
|
In geometry, coordinate rotations and reflections are two kinds of isometry which are related to each to other.
A rotation in the plane can be formed by composing a pair of reflections. First reflect a point P to its image P′ on the other side of line L1. Then reflect P′ to its image P′′ on the other side of line L2. If lines L1 and L2 make an angle θ with one another, then points P and P′′ will make an angle 2θ around point O, the intersection of L1 and L2. I.e. angle POP′′ will measure 2θ.
A pair of rotations about the same point O will be equivalent to another rotation about point O. On the other hand, the composition of a reflection and a rotation, or of a rotation and a reflection (composition is not commutative), will be equivalent to a reflection.
The statements above can be expressed more mathematically. Let a rotation about the origin O by an angle θ be denoted as Rot(θ). Let a reflection about line L which makes an angle θ with respect to the x-axis be denoted as Ref(θ). Let these rotations and reflections operate on all points on the plane, and let these points be represented by position vectors. Then a rotation can be represented as a matrix,
- <math> Rot(\theta) = \begin{bmatrix} \cos \theta & - \sin \theta \\
\sin \theta & \cos \theta \end{bmatrix}, <math> and likewise for a reflection,
- <math> Ref(\theta) = \begin{bmatrix} \cos 2 \theta & \sin 2 \theta \\
\sin 2 \theta & - \cos 2 \theta \end{bmatrix}. <math>
With these definitions of coordinate rotation and reflection, the following four equations are true:
- <math> Ref(\theta) \, Ref(\phi) = Rot(2(\theta - \phi)), \ <math>
- <math> Rot(\theta) \, Rot(\phi) = Rot(\theta + \phi), \ <math>
- <math> Rot(\theta) \, Ref(\phi) = Ref(\phi + \theta/2), \ <math>
- <math> Ref(\phi) \, Rot(\theta) = Ref(\phi - \theta/2). \ <math>
These equations can be proved through straightforward matrix multiplication and application of trigonometric identities.
The set of all reflections and rotations (about the origin), together with the operation of composition of reflections and rotations, forms a group. The group has an identity: Rot(0). Every rotation Rot(φ) has an inverse Rot(-φ). Every reflection Ref(θ) is its own inverse. Composition has closure and is associative, since matrix multiplication is associative.
Notice that both Ref(θ) and Rot(θ) have been represented with orthogonal matrices. These matrices all have a determinant whose absolute value is unity. Rotation matrices have a determinant of +1, and reflection matrices have a determinant of -1.
The set of all orthogonal two-dimensional matrices with <math> \Delta = \pm 1 <math> together with matrix multiplication form the second-degree orthogonal group: O(2).
See also: dihedral group.it:Rotazioni e riflessioni delle coordinate