Committee for Non-Violent Action
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The Committee for Non-Violent Action, formed in 1957 to resist the US Government's program of nuclear weapons testing, was one of the first organisations to employ nonviolent direct action to protest against the nuclear arms race.
The CNVA's immediate antecedent, a committee known as Non-Violent Action Against Nuclear Weapons, was formed by radical Quaker Lawrence Scott. Other leaders of the CNVA included A.J. Muste, Albert Bigelow and George Willoughby.
In August, 1957, CNVA members were arrested when they attempted to enter the Camp Mercury nuclear testing grounds near Las Vegas, Nevada. In February 1958, Albert Bigelow and the crew of the Golden Rule were intercepted by the US Coast Guard five nautical miles from Honolulu, Hawaii as they attempted to sail their vessel into the Eniwetok Proving Grounds, the US test site in the Marshall Islands. Two further attempts to defy a hastily enacted regulation banning US citizens from sailing to the test site led to the arrest and 60 day imprisonment of the crew.
The voyage of the Golden Rule inspired anthropologist Earle Reynolds and his family to undertake a similar journey, and on July 1, 1958, their yacht, Phoenix of Hiroshima, entered the test zone at Bikini Atoll. The Phoenix penetrated 65 miles into the test area before the vessel was boarded by the Coast Guard and ordered to sail to Kwajalein atoll, where Reynolds was charged with violating the Atomic Energy Commission's new regulation.
In 1959, CNVA sponsored protests at the construction site of an intercontinental ballistic missile near Omaha, Nebraska. Around 15 protestors, including A.J. Muste, were arrested and handcuffed as they climbed the fence to invade the site. They were each sentenced to six months in jail. In 1960, the group co-ordinated nonviolent protests against construction of the nuclear weapons equipped Polaris submarine in New London.
During the early 1960s, the CNVA organised two epic 'Walks for Peace', including a 6000 mile march from San Francisco to Moscow, during which the walkers called on the governments of the world to disarm. During a Walk for Peace from Quebec to Cuba, via Washington, walkers were attacked and jailed as black and white activists walked together through Atlanta, Georgia.
In the mid 1960s, CNVA began to focus on the Vietnam War. Activists travelled to Hanoi, Vietnam and picketed the US Embassy, and the CNVA advocated tax refusal as a method of resistance.
In 1968, after the death of leader A.J. Muste, the CNVA merged with the pacifist War Resisters League.
While never a mass-membership organisation, the CNVA's pioneering use of nonviolent direct action would have a significant influence on movements to follow. Notably, it was the example set by the voyages of the Golden Rule and the Phoenix that would inspire the first Greenpeace activists to use similar methods in their campaigns to halt nuclear testing at the island of Amchitka, Alaska, and at Muraroa Atoll in the Pacific.
See also
- Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (SANE, Inc.)
- Nonviolence
External links
- Records of the Committee for Nonviolent Action, Swarthmore College Peace Collection (http://www.swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/DG001-025/DG017CNVA.html)
- In Pursuit of Peace (http://library.ucsc.edu/oac/exhibits/web120/)
- Doom and Passion Along Rt. 45 (http://www.trussel.com/passion.htm) by Thomas Morgan (Esquire, 1962)