Christopher Polhem
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Christopher Polhem (December 18, 1661- August 30, 1751) was a Swedish scientist and inventor, born in Visby on the island of Gotland. In 1687 he entered Uppsala University where studied mathematics, physics and particularly mechanics. He has been compared to Archimedes and Leonardo da Vinci in the mechanical engineering field, but is yet mostly unknown. An important reason for this was that he never knew how to read or write in Latin.
Upon being knighted in 1716 he changed his name from Polhammar to Polhem. He founded several schools and is considered to be the father of Swedish engineering. He was a contemporary and close friend of Emanuel Swedenborg.
After successful repairs of the medieval (1500s) astronomical clock by Petrus Astronomus at Uppsala Cathedral, he caught the attention of King Charles XI of Sweden who asked him to look into machinery for mining, following a disaster in Falun, where the entire big mine had collapsed. Polhem constructed a winchlike device for lifting and transporting ore from the mine in Falun, which was also built in a stripped-down version. The king was so impressed by this device that he gave Polhem a lifelong pension for his services to the state.
In 1697 he established laboratorium mechanicum in Stockholm, a facility for training of engineers, and also a mechanical laboratory in the modern sense. For example this laboratory included a model of a water wheel with accompanying tables used for dimensioning a wheel before construction work. The laboratory was later moved from Stockholm to Falun and from there to Stjärnsund. In 1748 the collection of models used in the laboratory was returned to Stockholm.
His biggest achievement was an entire large-scale industry, built in Stjärnsund and blessed by the new King Charles XII of Sweden. This industry was run on water power alone, featured more automation than any other industry, and would produce all kinds of goods. However, following a fire in 1734 most of the industry was destroyed, and only clock manufacturing remained. The clocks produced in Stjärnsund were of high quality and cheap, as they were mass-produced. Another product from Stjärnsund was Scandinavian padlocks ("Polhem locks"). Polhem was the principal inventor of the modern padlock.
He shares his portrait with Charles XI on the Swedish 500 Kronor bank notes, with the king on the front side and Polhem on the reverse.
He died in 1751 in Stockholm.nl:Christoffel Polhem sv:Christopher Polhem