Challenge-response test
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A challenge-response test is a test involving a set of questions (or "challenges"), that the person or other entity has to answer in order to pass the test. If the person or entity provides an adequate response to the challenges, then it is deemed that this person or entity has passed the test.
Challenge-response in computer security
See challenge-response authentication.
Examples in other contexts
The Turing test for artificial intelligence is a good example of challenge-response. A variant is Captchas, where the challenge is usually to identify letters in an image.
One real world example would be as in movies where in order to gain access to a certain location the door-man says something and the person attempting to gain access has to say the adequate response.