Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
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Template:Infobox Battles In the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (AD 9), an alliance of Germanic tribes led by Arminius (also known in German as Hermann), the son of Segimerus of the Cherusci, ambushed and wiped out three Legions of unsuspecting Roman allies.
The battle established the Rhine as the boundary of the Roman Empire for the next few hundred years, until the decline of the Roman influence in the West.
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The defeat of Varus
The Roman force was led by Publius Quinctilius Varus, a noble from an old family, who had become the governor of Germania in AD 7. The battle is thus also known as the Varusschlacht in German (Battle of Varus). His force was made up of three legions (Legio XVII, Legio XVIII, and Legio XIX), six cohorts and three squadrons of allied cavalry.
His opponent Arminius had lived in Rome as a hostage in his youth, where he had received a military education and had even been given the rank of Equestrian. After his return, he was expected to be an ally of Rome, and behaved accordingly towards Varus. In secret, he forged an alliance of Germanic tribes that had traditionally been enemies (the Cherusci, Marsi, Chatti, and Bructeri), but which he was able to unite due to outrage over Varus' arrogant style of governing the province.
While Varus was on his way from his summer camp to the winter headquarters near the Rhine, he heard reports of a local rebellion, fabricated by Arminius. Varus decided to quell this uprising immediately and take a detour through territory unknown to the Romans. Arminius, who accompanied Varus, most likely directed him deliberately to a route that would faciliate an ambush and then left under some pretext or other, to meet his troops who must have been waiting in the vicinity.
The Roman force appears to have been poorly organised during the march, and as they passed into a forest they found the track narrow and marshy; according to Dio Cassius a violent storm had also arisen. In passing through the forest the Roman forces had lost their structure, and they were ambushed by the Germans repeatedly over two or three days. Arminius knew Roman tactics very well and could direct his troops to counter them effectively, using local superior numbers against the spread-out Roman legions. Finally the remaining Romans stood their ground, and as the rains continued in the ensuing assault they were slaughtered to the last man. Around 20,000 Roman soldiers died; Varus is said to have taken his own life. Upon hearing of the defeat, the emperor Augustus, according to Roman author and historian Suetonius, shouted "Quintili Vare, legiones redde!" ('Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions!')
The shock of the slaughter was magnified by the realisation that the German tribes would not be pacified. The Battle brought an end to any serious attempts by the Romans to extend their territories eastward from the Rhine across Germany. These attempts had dragged on since around 20 BC with variable success. This had long term historical consequences as it set the boundary between Romance languages and Germanic languages and hence the borders between the future France and Germany near the Rhine.
Due to the actual nature of the battle, the lack of a written German language at the time, and the lack of Roman survivors it has long been realised that contemporary reports are almost all hearsay. For Roman historians to say "Lucius Eggius gave as honorable an example of valor as Ceionius gave of baseness" or "Numonius Vala... [was] guilty of abominable treachery" is unverifiable.
The Detmold memorial
The legacy of the Germanic victory was resurrected in the 19th century as a symbol of German nationalism and pride. In 1875, the Hermannsdenkmal, a statue paid for largely out of private funds, was completed in Detmold to commemorate the battle; similar statues also exist outside of Germany in German-founded communities including one in New Ulm, Minnesota.
In 1847, Josef Viktor von Scheffel wrote a lengthy song, "Als die Römer frech geworden" ("When the Romans Started to Misbehave"), relating the tale of the battle with somewhat gloating humour. Copies of the text are still found on many souvenirs available at the Detmold monument.
Site of the battle
For almost 2,000 years, no one knew for certain where the battle took place. The main hint as to its location was an allusion to the saltus Teutoburgiensis in section 1.60-62 of Tacitus's Annals.
During the 19th century, theories about the true site of the battle abounded, and the followers of a particular popular theory even managed to have the region around their chosen site renamed Teutoburg Forest in popular usage; the monument was erected there.
However, late 20th century research and excavations, among them the discovery of some leaden Roman sling ammunition by British amateur archaeologist Major Tony Clunn, led to the discovery of what is now believed to be the actual site of the battle. It is located at Kalkriese (part of the city Bramsche), at the fringes of the Wiehengebirge hills north of Osnabrück in the state of Lower Saxony. This is some 50 km away from Detmold, south of Osnabrück, where the statue was erected.
While the initial excavations were done by the archaeological team of the Kulturhistorisches Museum Osnabrück under the direction of Prof. Wolfgang Schlüter, after the dimensions of the project became apparent, a new foundation was created to organize future excavations, erect and run a new museum on the site, and centralise publicity work and documentation.
The museum includes a large out-door area with trails leading to a re-creation of part of an earthen wall from the battle, and other outdoor exhibits. An observation tower allows visitors to get an overview of the battle site. Most of the indoor exhibits are housed in the tower. A second building includes the ticket center, museum store and a restaurant. The museum houses a large number of artifacts found at the site.
Literary Sources
The folllowing is a list of all known references to the battle from the literary sources of classical antiquity. Though the account provided in the Roman History is the most detailed of these, Dio Cassius' almost two century removal from the time of the event, as well as his use of detail mentioned by no earlier author, makes his account highly suspect as an accurate record of the battle, rather than a literary re-imagining of it.
- Ovid, Tristia (Sorrows), poetic verses written in 10 AD and 11 AD
- Marcus Manilius, Astronomica, poem written in early 1st Century AD
- Strabo, Geographia (Book 7, Section 1.4), geographic-themed history written in perhaps 18 AD
- Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Roman History (Book 2, Chapters 117-120), history written 30 AD
- Tacitus, Annals (Book 1), history written 109 AD
- Florus, Epitome de T. Livio Beliorism omnium annorum DCC Libri duo (Section 2.30), history/panegyric written in early 2nd Century AD
- Dio Cassius, Roman History (Book 56, Chapters 18-24), history written in the first half of 3rd Century AD
References
- Peter S. Wells: The Battle That Stopped Rome. Emperor Augustus, Arminius, and the slaughter of the legions in the Teutoburg Forest. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, NY 2003, ISBN 0-393-02028-2 (strong on archaeology, but extremely weak on the ancient sources)
External links
- Official site of the Kalkriese foundation (http://www.kalkriese-varusschlacht.de/) (in German), with pictures of the excavations.
- An article in English (http://www.livius.org/te-tg/teutoburg/teutoburg01.htm)cs:Bitva v Teutoburském pralese
de:Varusschlacht es:Batalla del bosque de Teutoburgo fr:Bataille de Teutoburg it:Battaglia della foresta di Teutoburgo ja:トイトブルクの戦い nl:Slag bij het Teutoburgerwoud pl:Bitwa w Lesie Teutoburskim sv:Slaget i Teutoburgerskogen