Aurvandil
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Old Norse Aurvandil, Old English Éarendel, Lombardic Auriwandalo, German Orentil (or Erentil) are cognate Germanic personal names. Auriwandalo is attested as a histrical Lombardic prince. A latinized version, Horvandillus appears as the name of the father of Amleth (Shakespeare's Hamlet) in Saxo Grammaticus' Gesta Danorum. German Orentil is the hero of a medieval poem of the same name. He is son of a certain Eigel of Trier and has numerous adventures in the Holy Land. The Old Norse variant appears in purely mythological context, linking the name to a star. The Old English word refers to a star exclusively.
The second element of the name is probably connected to Vendel and the Vandals (preserved in Andalusia "land of the Vandals"). The original Germanic Aurvandil might therefore have been the mythical "Founder of the Vandals", just as Ingve with the Ynglings, Dan with the Danes, Angul with the Angles, Saxneat with the Saxons. Viktor Rydberg tried to reconstruct a common Germanic mythological figure, coming up with Orendil as the greatest archer in Norse mythology and the father of Swipdag (whom Rydberg equates with Ullr as he does Gróa with Sif).
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Edda
Aurvandil is mentioned once in Norse Mythology, in the "Skáldskaparmal" section of Snorri Sturluson's Edda:
- Thor went home to Thrúdvangar, and the hone remained sticking in his head. Then came the wise woman who was called Gróa, wife of Aurvandill the Valiant: she sang her spells over Thor until the hone was loosened. But when Thor knew that, and thought that there was hope that the hone might be removed, he desired to reward Gróa for her leech-craft and make her glad, and told her these things: that he had waded from the north over Icy Stream and had borne Aurvandill in a basket on his back from the north out of Jötunheim. And he added for a token, that one of Aurvandill's toes had stuck out of the basket, and became frozen; wherefore Thor broke it off and cast it up into the heavens, and made thereof the star called Aurvandill's Toe. Thor said that it would not be long ere Aurvandill came home: but Gróa was so rejoiced that she forgot her incantations, and the hone was not loosened, and stands yet in Thor's head. Therefore it is forbidden to cast a hone across the floor, for then the hone is stirred in Thor's head.
Guesses as to the identity of this star have included the polestar, the planet Venus, Sirius and the star Rigel which forms the toe of the constellation Orion, though if Aurvandil is to be identified with the constellation Orion one would expect to find Aurvandil himself being translated into the sky, not just his toe.
Crist
Old English Earendel appears in glosses as translating iubar "radiance, morning star".
In the Old English poem Crist I are the lines (104–108):
- éala éarendel engla beorhtast
- ofer middangeard monnum sended
- and sodfasta sunnan leoma,
- tohrt ofer tunglas þu tida gehvane
- of sylfum þe symle inlihtes.
- Hail Earendel, brightest of angels,
- over Midgard to men sent,
- and true radiance of the Sun
- bright above the stars, every season
- thou of thyself ever illuminest.
The name is here taken to refer to John the Baptist, addressed as the morning star heralding the coming of Christ, the "Sol Invictus". Compare the Blickling Homilies (p. 163, I. 3) which state Nu seo Cristes gebyrd at his aeriste, se niwa eorendel Sanctus Johannes; and nu se leoma thaere sothan sunnan God selfa cuman wille, that is, "And now the birth of Christ (was) at his appearing, and the new eorendel (morning-star) was John the Baptist. And now the gleam of the true Sun, God himself, shall come."
J. R. R. Tolkien was inspired by these lines of the Crist poem, deriving both the character Eärendil, also associated with the morning star, and his use of Middle-earth from it (see Sauron Defeated p. 236f.).