Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius (AD 480 - 524 or 525) was a Christian philosopher of the 6th century. He was born in Rome to an important family — many of his ancestors had been consuls, including his father Fl. Manlius Boëthius in 487 — but he served as an official for the kingdom of the Ostrogoths. In 522 he also saw his two sons become consuls, but he was later executed by King Theodoric the Great on suspicion of having conspired with the Byzantine Empire.

Early Life

The exact birthdate of Boethius is unknown. However, it is generally placed at around AD 480, the same year of birth as St. Benedict. Boethius was born to a patrician family, with his father's line including two popes and several Roman emperors, and his mother's line also including emperors.

It is unknown where Boethius received his formidable education in Greek, as during his formative years, Theodoric the Great the Ostrogoth ruled Rome, and the cultural heritage of the West was waning. Historical documents are ambiguous on the subject, but Boethius may have studied in Athens, and perhaps Alexandria. A Boethius as proctor of the school in Alexandria circa AD 470 indicates that perhaps the younger Boethius received some grounding in the classics from his father or a close relative. In any case, his accomplishment in Greek was remarkable given the cultural climate of Rome at the time.

In addition to the difficulty associated with receiving a classical education at the time, the available education tended to focus on the literary, rather than the mathematical and scientific accomplishments of the West.

Nevertheless, around his twentieth birthday, Boethius was quite educated, and he caught the eye of Theodoric the Great, who commissioned the young Boethius to perform many roles.

Late Life

By 520, at the age of about thirty-five, Boethius had already been appointed by Theodoric the Great as magister officiorum, the head of all the government and court services, and therefore held a position of honor and distinction unavailable to many men even twice his age.

Two of his sons were honored by Theodoric the Great, reflecting their father's prestige.

Works

Boëthius's most recognized work was the Consolation of Philosophy, which he wrote in prison in Pavia waiting to be executed. Boëthius also translated some of Aristotle's works on logic from Greek into Latin, and until the 12th century they were the only significant portions of Aristotle available in that language.

Boëthius also wrote a commentary on the Isagoge by Porphyry, in which he discusses the nature of the species: whether they are subsistent entities which would exist whether anyone thought of them, or whether they exist as ideas alone. This work started one of the most vocal controversies in medieval philosophy. Taken more generally the question of the ontological nature of universal ideas became known as the problem of universals.

Boëthius was indeed a polymath, composing treatises on mathematics and music as well as the works named above. He is also credited with some theological treatises, although the true extent of his Christian belief is in doubt. He has been called the last of the Romans and the first of the scholastic philosophers. Despite the use of his mathematical texts in the Universities, it is his final work, the Consolation of Philosophy, that assured his posterity to the Middle Ages and beyond. It was translated into Anglo-Saxon by King Alfred, and into later English by Chaucer and Queen Elizabeth; many manuscripts survive and it was extensively edited, translated and printed throughout Europe from the late 15th century onwards. Many commentaries on it were compiled and it has been one of the most influential books in European culture. No complete bibliography has ever been assembled but it would run into thousands of items.

See also

• sesquitertium

External links

• A 10th century manuscript of Institutio Arithmetica is available online from Lund University, Sweden (http://laurentius.lub.lu.se/volumes/Mh_1/)
• The Geoffrey Freudlin 1885 edition of the Arithmetica, from the Cornell Library Historical Mathematics Monographs (http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.math/docviewer?did=cdl274&seq=3)

Bibliography

• The Consolation of Philosophy (Latin, from Wikisource).
• On Arithmetic (Latin, from Wikisource).
• On Music (Latin, from Wikisource).

References

• Marenbon, John (2003). Boethius. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195134079de:Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius

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