Dean Acheson
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Dean Gooderham Acheson (April 11, 1893 – October 12, 1971) was a United States Secretary of State under President Harry S. Truman. It has often been said that Acheson was more responsible for the Truman Doctrine than Harry Truman and the Marshall Plan than George Marshall. Although he developed anti-Communist views early in his political career, Acheson defended State Department employees accused during Senator Joseph McCarthy's anti-Communist investigations. Acheson persuaded Truman to dispatch aid to French forces in Indochina, but later counseled President Lyndon B. Johnson to negotiate for peace with North Vietnam.
Dean Acheson was born in Middletown, Connecticut. He was educated at Yale University (1912-15), where he became a member of the prestigious secret society, Scroll and Key, and Harvard Law School (1915-18). At the latter he became a protege of the leftist professor Felix Frankfurter, who got him a job in Washington (Perloff, 129-130.) He would became private secretary to the Supreme Court Justice, Louis Brandeis (1919-21).
A supporter of the Democratic Party, Acheson worked for a law firm in Washington, DC before Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed him as Under Secretary of the Treasury in 1933. (Both Roosevelt and Acheson had attended the prestigous Massachusetts prep school, Groton School -- Roosevelt '00, Acheson '11. At Groton, Acheson befriended the future Governor of New York, W. Averell Harriman) During the Second World War Acheson served as Assistant Secretary in the United States Department of State.
In 1945 Harry S. Truman selected Acheson as his Under Secretary of State. Over the next two years Acheson played an important role in devising both the Truman Doctrine and the European Recovery Program (ERP). Acheson believed that the best way to halt the spread of communism was by working with progressive forces in those countries in danger of revolution.
However, while Under Secretary he approved a $90 million loan to Poland, even though the American ambassador to that country, Arthur Bliss Lane, protested because of the Communist government's severe human rights abuses. To secure the loan, the Poles had retained Acheson's law firm which made over $50,000 on the deal (Wittmer 7.)
Donald Hiss, brother of Alger Hiss, was Acheson's law partner. In the State Department, Acheson helped Alger himself, as well as several other men later identified as spies or security risks (John Stewart Service, John Carter Vincent, Lauchlin Currie) to high positions. He promoted Service even after the FBI had caught him passing secrets to Communist agents.
Acheson was appointed Secretary of State in 1949. When Ambassador Lane heard that Acheson had been appointed Secretary of State, he said: "God help the United States" (qtd. in Perloff 130.) Acheson and George Marshall, Secretary of Defense, came under increasing attack from right-wing politicians who considered the two men to be soft on communism. Acheson became a byword to many Americans. On December 15, 1950, the Republicans in the House of Representatives resolved unanimously that he be removed from office (Perloff 130.)
On February 9, 1950, Joseph McCarthy made a speech in Wheeling, West Virginia where he attacked Acheson as "a pompous diplomat in striped pants". He claimed that he had a list of 205 people in the State Department known to be members of the American Communist Party. McCarthy went on to argue that some of these people were passing secret information to the Soviet Union. He added: "The reason why we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because the enemy has sent men to invade our shores, but rather because of the traitorous actions of those who have had all the benefits that the wealthiest nation on earth has had to offer - the finest homes, the finest college educations, and the finest jobs in Government we can give."
McCarthy had obtained his information from his friend, J. Edgar Hoover, the head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). William Sullivan, one of Hoover's agents, later admitted that: "We were the ones who made the McCarthy hearings possible. We fed McCarthy all the material he was using."
Acheson also upset the right wing when he took the side of Harry S. Truman in his dispute with General Douglas MacArthur over the Korean War. Acheson and Truman wanted to limit the war to Korea whereas MacArthur called for the extension of the war to China. Joe McCarthy once again led the attack on Acheson: "With half a million Communists in Korea killing American men, Acheson says, 'Now let's be calm, let's do nothing'. It is like advising a man whose family is being killed not to take hasty action for fear he might alienate the affection of the murderers."
In April 1951, Truman removed MacArthur from his command of the United Nations forces in Korea. McCarthy called for Truman to be impeached and suggested that the president was drunk when he made the decision to fire MacArthur: "Truman is surrounded by the Jessups, the Achesons, the old Hiss crowd. Most of the tragic things are done at 1:30 and 2 o'clock in the morning when they've had time to get the President cheerful."
Acheson was the main target of McCarthy's anger as he believed Harry S. Truman was "essentially just as loyal as the average American". However, Truman was president "in name only because the Acheson group has almost hypnotic powers over him. We must impeach Acheson, the heart of the octopus."
Harry S. Truman decided not to run for re-election in 1952 and Acheson's close friend, Adlai Stevenson, was chosen as the Democratic Party candidate for the 1952 election. It was one of the dirtiest in history with Richard Nixon, the Republican vice-presidential candidate, leading the attack on Stevenson. Speaking in Indiana, Nixon described Stevenson as a man with a "Ph.D. from Dean Acheson's cowardly college of Communist containment."
Dwight D. Eisenhower and Nixon's campaign was a great success and in November they easily defeated Adlai Stevenson by 33,936,252 votes to 27,314,922. Disillusioned by the smear campaign, Acheson returned to his private law practice. But although his public career was over, his influence was not. Acheson's law offices were strategically located across Lafayette Park from the White House. He became an unofficial advisor to the Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon administrations. Nixon even had a phone installed in Acheson's winter home in Antigua (Perloff 130.) He also wrote several books on politics including Power and Diplomacy (1958), Morning and Noon (1965), Present at the Creation (1970) and The Korean War (1971). Dean Acheson passed away at Sandy Spring, Maryland at the age of 78.
works cited:
Perloff, James. The Shadows of Power. Appleton: Western Islands,1988.
Wittmer, Felix. "Freedom's Case Against Dean Acheson." American Mercury April 1952.
External links
- Acheson biography (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAacheson.htm)
| Preceded by: George C. Marshall | United States Secretary of State 1949–1953 | Succeeded by: John Foster Dulles |