Legend:  Definition
 Field
Listing  Rank
Order
|
Background:
|
For centuries China stood as a leading civilization, outpacing the
rest of the world in the arts and sciences. But in the 19th and
early 20th centuries, China was beset by civil unrest, major famines,
military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War II, the
Communists under MAO Zedong established a dictatorship that, while
ensuring China's sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday
life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978,
his successor DENG Xiaoping gradually introduced market-oriented
reforms and decentralized economic decision-making. Output quadrupled
by 2000. Political controls remain tight while economic controls
continue to be relaxed. |
|
Location:
|
Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea,
and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam |
|
Geographic coordinates:
|
35 00 N, 105 00 E |
|
Map references:
|
Asia |
|
Area:
|
total: 9,596,960 sq km
land: 9,326,410 sq km
water: 270,550 sq km |
|
Area - comparative:
|
slightly smaller than the US |
|
Land boundaries:
|
total: 22,147.34 km
border countries: Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma
2,185 km, Hong Kong 30 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km,
North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34
km, Mongolia 4,677 km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast)
3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281
km |
|
Coastline:
|
14,500 km |
|
Maritime claims:
|
contiguous zone: 24 NM
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental
margin
territorial sea: 12 NM |
|
Climate:
|
extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north |
|
Terrain:
|
mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas,
and hills in east |
|
Elevation extremes:
|
lowest point: Turpan Pendi -154 m
highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m (1999 est.) |
|
Natural resources:
|
coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten,
antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum,
lead, zinc, uranium, hydropower potential (world's largest) |
|
Land use:
|
arable land: 13.31%
permanent crops: 1.2%
other: 85.49% (1998 est.) |
|
Irrigated land:
|
525,800 sq km (1998 est.) |
|
Natural hazards:
|
frequent typhoons (about five per year along southern and eastern
coasts); damaging floods; tsunamis; earthquakes; droughts; land
subsidence |
|
Environment - current issues:
|
air pollution (greenhouse gases, sulfur dioxide particulates) from
reliance on coal produces acid rain; water shortages, particularly
in the north; water pollution from untreated wastes; deforestation;
estimated loss of one-fifth of agricultural land since 1949 to soil
erosion and economic development; desertification; trade in endangered
species |
|
Environment - international agreements:
|
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol |
|
Geography - note:
|
world's fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada, and US); Mount
Everest on the border with Nepal is the world's tallest peak;
|
|
Population:
|
1,286,975,468 (July 2003 est.) |
|
Age structure:
|
0-14 years: 23.1% (male 155,473,656; female 141,737,406)
15-64 years: 69.5% (male 461,223,219; female 433,154,970)
65 years and over: 7.4% (male 44,954,643; female 50,431,574)
(2003 est.) |
|
Median age:
|
total: 31.5 years
male: 31.2 years
female: 31.7 years (2002) |
|
Population growth rate:
|
0.6% (2003 est.) |
|
Birth rate:
|
12.96 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
|
Death rate:
|
6.74 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
|
Net migration rate:
|
-0.23 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
|
Sex ratio:
|
at birth: 1.09 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2003 est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
total: 25.26 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 25.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
male: 24.91 deaths/1,000 live births |
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
total population: 72.22 years
male: 70.33 years
female: 74.28 years (2003 est.) |
|
Total fertility rate:
|
1.7 children born/woman (2003 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|
less than 0.1% (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|
850,000 (2001 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|
30,000 (2001 est.) |
|
Nationality:
|
noun: Chinese (singular and plural)
adjective: Chinese |
|
Ethnic groups:
|
Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu,
Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1% |
|
Religions:
|
Daoist (Taoist), Buddhist, Muslim 1%-2%, Christian 3%-4%
note: officially atheist (2002 est.) |
|
Languages:
|
Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect),
Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese),
Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups
entry) |
|
Literacy:
|
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 86%
male: 92.9%
female: 78.8% (2003 est.)
|
|
Country name:
|
conventional long form: People's Republic of China
conventional short form: China
local short form: Zhong Guo
abbreviation: PRC
local long form: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo |
|
Government type:
|
Communist state |
|
Capital:
|
Beijing |
|
Administrative divisions:
|
23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions*
(zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 4 municipalities** (shi, singular
and plural); Anhui, Beijing**, Chongqing**, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong,
Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan,
Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai,
Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai**, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin**, Xinjiang*,
Xizang* (Tibet), Yunnan, Zhejiang; note - China considers Taiwan
its 23rd province; see separate entries for the special administrative
regions of Hong Kong and Macau |
|
Independence:
|
221 BC (unification under the Qin or Ch'in Dynasty 221 BC; Qing
or Ch'ing Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912;
People's Republic established 1 October 1949) |
|
National holiday:
|
Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of China, 1
October (1949) |
|
Constitution:
|
most recent promulgation 4 December 1982 |
|
Legal system:
|
a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary
civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect
since 1 January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve
civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial law |
|
Suffrage:
|
18 years of age; universal |
|
Executive branch:
|
chief of state: President HU Jintao (since 15 March 2003)
and Vice President ZENG Qinghong (since 15 March 2003)
elections: president and vice president elected by the National
People's Congress for five-year terms; elections last held 15-17
March 2003 (next to be held mid-March 2008); premier nominated by
the president, confirmed by the National People's Congress
head of government: Premier WEN Jiabao (since 16 March 2003);
Vice Premiers HUANG Ju (since 17 March 2003), WU Yi (17 March 2003),
ZENG Peiyan (since 17 March 2003), and HUI Liangyu (since 17 March
2003)
cabinet: State Council appointed by the National People's
Congress (NPC)
election results: HU Jintao elected president by the Tenth
National People's Congress with a total of 2,937 votes (4 delegates
voted against him, 4 abstained, and 38 did not vote); ZENG Qinghong
elected vice president by the Tenth National People's Congress with
a total of 2,578 votes (177 delegates voted against him, 190 abstained,
and 38 did not vote); 2 seats were vacant |
|
Legislative branch:
|
unicameral National People's Congress or Quanguo Renmin Daibiao
Dahui (2,985 seats; members elected by municipal, regional, and
provincial people's congresses to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held NA December 2002-NA February 2003 (next
to be held late 2007-NA February 2008)
election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - NA |
|
Judicial branch:
|
Supreme People's Court (judges appointed by the National People's
Congress); Local Peoples Courts (comprise higher, intermediate and
local courts); Special Peoples Courts (primarily military, maritime,
and railway transport courts) |
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
Chinese Communist Party or CCP [HU Jintao, General Secretary of
the Central Committee]; eight registered small parties controlled
by CCP |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders:
|
no substantial political opposition groups exist, although the government
has identified the Falungong sect and the China Democracy Party
as potential rivals |
|
International organization participation:
|
APEC, ARF (dialogue partner), AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS,
CDB, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFRCS,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA
(observer), MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (observer), OPCW, PCA, SCO, UN,
UN Security Council, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, IFC, UNHCR, UNIDO,
AfDB, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMOVIC, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCO,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US:
|
chief of mission: Ambassador YANG Jiechi
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New
York, and San Francisco
FAX: [1] (202) 328-2582
telephone: [1] (202) 328-2500
chancery: 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
|
|
Diplomatic representation from the US:
|
chief of mission: Ambassador Clark T. RANDT, Jr.
embassy: Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, 100600 Beijing
mailing address: PSC 461, Box 50, FPO AP 96521-0002
telephone: [86] (10) 6532-3831
FAX: [86] (10) 6532-6929
consulate(s) general: Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Shanghai,
Shenyang |
|
Flag description:
|
red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow
five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle
of the flag) in the upper hoist-side corner
|
|
Economy - overview:
|
In late 1978 the Chinese leadership began moving the economy from
a sluggish, Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented
system. Whereas the system operates within a political framework
of strict Communist control, the economic influence of non-state
organizations and individual citizens has been steadily increasing.
The authorities switched to a system of household and village responsibility
in agriculture in place of the old collectivization, increased the
authority of local officials and plant managers in industry, permitted
a wide variety of small-scale enterprises in services and light
manufacturing, and opened the economy to increased foreign trade
and investment. The result has been a quadrupling of GDP since 1978.
In 2003, with its 1.3 billion people but a GDP of just $5,000 per
capita, China stood as the second-largest economy in the world after
the US (measured on a purchasing power parity basis). Agriculture
and industry have posted major gains, especially in coastal areas
near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment has
helped spur output of both domestic and export goods. The leadership,
however, often has experienced - as a result of its hybrid system
- the worst results of socialism (bureaucracy and lassitude) and
of capitalism (windfall gains and growing income disparities). China
thus has periodically backtracked, retightening central controls
at intervals. The government has struggled to (a) collect revenues
due from provinces, businesses, and individuals; (b) reduce corruption
and other economic crimes; and (c) keep afloat the large state-owned
enterprises, many of which had been shielded from competition by
subsidies and had been losing the ability to pay full wages and
pensions. From 80 to 120 million surplus rural workers are adrift
between the villages and the cities, many subsisting through part-time
low-paying jobs. Popular resistance, changes in central policy,
and loss of authority by rural cadres have weakened China's population
control program, which is essential to maintaining long-term growth
in living standards. Another long-term threat to growth is the deterioration
in the environment, notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the
steady fall of the water table especially in the north. China continues
to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development.
Beijing says it will intensify efforts to stimulate growth through
spending on infrastructure - such as water control and power grids
- and poverty relief and through rural tax reform aimed at eliminating
arbitrary local levies on farmers. Accession to the World Trade
Organization helps strengthen China's ability to maintain strong
growth rates but at the same time puts additional pressure on the
hybrid system of strong political controls and growing market influences.
China has benefited from a huge expansion in computer internet use.
Foreign investment remains a strong element in China's remarkable
economic growth. |
|
GDP:
|
purchasing power parity - $5.989 trillion (2002 est.) |
|
GDP - real growth rate:
|
8% (official data) (2002 est.) |
|
GDP - per capita:
|
purchasing power parity - $4,700 (2002 est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector:
|
agriculture: 15.2%
industry and construction: 51.2%
services: 33.6% (2001) |
|
Population below poverty line:
|
10% (2001 est.) |
|
Household income or consumption by percentage
share:
|
lowest 10%: 2.4%
highest 10%: 30.4% (1998) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|
40 (2001) |
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
-0.8% (2002 est.) |
|
Labor force:
|
744 million (2001 est.) |
|
Labor force - by occupation:
|
agriculture 50%, industry 22%, services 28% (2001 est.) |
|
Unemployment rate:
|
urban unemployment roughly 10%; substantial unemployment and underemployment
in rural areas (2002 est.) |
|
Budget:
|
revenues: $224.8 billion
expenditures: $267.1 billion, including capital expenditures
of $NA (2000) |
|
Industries:
|
iron and steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles and
apparel, petroleum, cement, chemical fertilizers, footwear, toys,
food processing, automobiles, consumer electronics, telecommunications
|
|
Industrial production growth rate:
|
12.6% (2002 est.) |
|
Electricity - production:
|
1.42 trillion kWh (2001) |
|
Electricity - production by source:
|
fossil fuel: 80.2%
hydro: 18.5%
other: 0.1% (2001)
nuclear: 1.2% |
|
Electricity - consumption:
|
1.312 trillion kWh (2001) |
|
Electricity - exports:
|
10.3 billion kWh (2001) |
|
Electricity - imports:
|
1.55 billion kWh (2001) |
|
Oil - production:
|
3.3 million bbl/day (2001 est.) |
|
Oil - consumption:
|
4.975 million bbl/day (2001 est.) |
|
Oil - exports:
|
NA (2001) |
|
Oil - imports:
|
NA (2001) |
|
Oil - proved reserves:
|
26.75 billion bbl (37257) |
|
Natural gas - production:
|
30.3 billion cu m (2001 est.) |
|
Natural gas - consumption:
|
30.3 billion cu m (2001 est.) |
|
Natural gas - exports:
|
0 cu m (2001 est.) |
|
Natural gas - imports:
|
0 cu m (2001 est.) |
|
Natural gas - proved reserves:
|
1.29 trillion cu m (37257) |
|
Agriculture - products:
|
rice, wheat, potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, cotton,
oilseed; pork; fish |
|
Exports:
|
$325.6 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.) |
|
Exports - commodities:
|
machinery and equipment; textiles and clothing, footwear, toys and
sporting goods; mineral fuels |
|
Exports - partners:
|
US 21.5%, Hong Kong 18%, Japan 14.9%, South Korea 4.8% (2002) |
|
Imports:
|
$295.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.) |
|
Imports - commodities:
|
machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, plastics, iron and steel,
chemicals |
|
Imports - partners:
|
Japan 18.1%, Taiwan 10.5%, South Korea 9.7%, US 9.2%, Germany 5.6%
(2002) |
|
Debt - external:
|
$149.4 billion (2002 est.) |
|
Economic aid - recipient:
|
$NA |
|
Currency:
|
yuan (CNY)
note:: also referred to as the Renminbi (RMB) |
|
Currency code:
|
CNY |
|
Exchange rates:
|
yuan per US dollar - 8.28 (2002), 8.28 (2001), 8.28 (2000), 8.28
(1999), 8.28 (1998) |
|
Fiscal year:
|
calendar year
|
|
Telephones - main lines in use:
|
135 million (2000) |
|
Telephones - mobile cellular:
|
65 million (January 2001) |
|
Telephone system:
|
general assessment: domestic and international services are
increasingly available for private use; unevenly distributed domestic
system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and many towns
domestic: interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular
telephone systems have been installed; a domestic satellite system
with 55 earth stations is in place
international: satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Pacific
Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean regions); several international
fiber-optic links to Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Russia, and
Germany (2000) |
|
Radio broadcast stations:
|
AM 369, FM 259, shortwave 45 (1998) |
|
Television broadcast stations:
|
3,240 (of which 209 are operated by China Central Television, 31
are provincial TV stations and nearly 3,000 are local city stations)
(1997) |
|
Internet country code:
|
.cn |
|
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
|
3 (2000) |
|
Internet users:
|
45.8 million (2002)
|
|
Railways:
|
total: 71,600 km
standard gauge: 68,000 km 1.435-m gauge (14,600 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 3,600 km 1.000-m and 0.750-m gauge local industrial
lines (2002) |
|
Highways:
|
total: 1,402,698 km
paved: 314,204 km (with at least 16,314 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,088,494 km (2000) |
|
Waterways:
|
110,000 km (1999) |
|
Pipelines:
|
gas 13,845 km; oil 15,143 km; refined products 3,280 km (2003) |
|
Ports and harbors:
|
Dalian, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Huangpu, Lianyungang, Nanjing,
Nantong, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shantou, Shenzhen,
Tianjin, Wenzhou, Xiamen, Xingang, Yantai, Zhanjiang (2001) |
|
Merchant marine:
|
total: 1,817 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 18,047,962 GRT/27,035,740
DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 2, bulk 348, cargo 824, chemical
tanker 28, combination bulk 10, combination ore/oil 2, container
150, liquefied gas 28, multi-functional large-load carrier 6, passenger
6, passenger/cargo 47, petroleum tanker 267, refrigerated cargo
26, roll on/roll off 21, short-sea passenger 42, specialized tanker
8, vehicle carrier 2
note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as
a flag of convenience: Croatia 1, Germany 1, Hong Kong 16, Japan
2, Panama 2, South Korea 1, Spain 1, Taiwan 9, Tanzania 1, Turkey
1 (2002 est.) |
|
Airports:
|
500 (2002) |
|
Airports - with paved runways:
|
total: 351
over 3,047 m: 32
2,438 to 3,047 m: 108
1,524 to 2,437 m: 143
914 to 1,523 m: 29
under 914 m: 39 (2002) |
|
Airports - with unpaved runways:
|
total: 149
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 25
914 to 1,523 m: 48
under 914 m: 71 (2002)
|
|
Military branches:
|
People's Liberation Army (PLA): comprises ground forces, Navy (including
naval infantry and naval aviation), Air Force, and II Artillery
Corps (strategic missile force), People's Armed Police Force (internal
security troops, nominally a state security body but included by
the Chinese as part of the "armed forces" and considered to be an
adjunct to the PLA), militia |
|
Military manpower - military age:
|
18 years of age (2003 est.) |
|
Military manpower - availability:
|
males age 15-49: 375,520,255 (2003 est.) |
|
Military manpower - fit for military service:
|
males age 15-49: 206 million (2003 est.) |
|
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
|
males: 10,973,761 (2003 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
|
$55.91 billion (FY02) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
|
4.3% (FY02)
|
|
Disputes - international:
|
involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with Malaysia,
Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; claimants in
November 2002 signed the "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties
in the South China Sea", a mechanism to ease tension but which fell
short of a legally binding "code of conduct"; much of the rugged,
militarized boundary with India is in dispute, but the two sides
have participated in more than 13 rounds of joint working group
sessions on this issue; India objects to Pakistan ceding lands to
China in 1965 boundary agreement that India believes are part of
disputed Kashmir; China, as well as Taiwan, claims Japanese-administered
Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) islands; negotiations with Tajikistan
resolved the longstanding boundary dispute; China and Kazakhstan
have resolved their border dispute and are working to delimit their
large open borders to control population migration, illegal activities,
and trade; Kyrgyzstan's constitutional court rules that 1,270 sq
km ceded to China in 2000 delimitation agreement were legally transferred;
certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers are in uncontested dispute
with North Korea and a section of boundary around Mount Paektu is
indefinite - China objects to illegal migration of North Koreans
into northern China; China continues to seek a mutually acceptable
solution to the disputed alluvial islands with Russia at the confluence
of the Amur and Ussuri rivers and a small island on the Argun river
as part of the 2001 Treaty of Good Neighborliness, Friendship, and
Cooperation; boundary agreements signed in 2002 with Tajikistan
cedes 1,000 sq km of Pamir Mountain range to China in return for
China's relinquishing claims to 28,000 sq km; demarcation of land
boundary with Vietnam continues but maritime boundary and joint
fishing zone agreement remains unratified; China occupies Paracel
Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan |
|
Illicit drugs:
|
major transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle;
growing domestic drug abuse problem; source country for chemical
precursors and methamphetamine
|
This page was last updated on 18 December,
2003
|
