Legend:  Definition
 Field
Listing  Rank
Order
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Background:
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Australia became a commonwealth of the British Empire in 1901. It
was able to take advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop
its agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major
contribution to the British effort in World Wars I and II. Long-term
concerns include pollution, particularly depletion of the ozone
layer, and management and conservation of coastal areas, especially
the Great Barrier Reef. A referendum to change Australia's status,
from a commonwealth headed by the British monarch to a republic,
was defeated in 1999. |
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Location:
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Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific
Ocean |
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Geographic coordinates:
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27 00 S, 133 00 E |
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Map references:
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Oceania
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Area:
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total: 7,686,850 sq km
water: 68,920 sq km
note: includes Lord Howe Island and Macquarie Island
land: 7,617,930 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than the US contiguous 48 states |
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Land boundaries:
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0 km |
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Coastline:
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25,760 km |
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Maritime claims:
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contiguous zone: 24 NM
territorial sea: 12 NM
exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental
margin |
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Climate:
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generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical
in north |
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Terrain:
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mostly low plateau with deserts; fertile plain in southeast |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Lake Eyre -15 m
highest point: Mount Kosciuszko 2,229 m |
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Natural resources:
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bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel,
tungsten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum
|
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Land use:
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arable land: 6.88%
permanent crops: 0.03%
other: 93.09% (1998 est.) |
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Irrigated land:
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24,000 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
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cyclones along the coast; severe droughts; forest fires |
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Environment - current issues:
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soil erosion from overgrazing, industrial development, urbanization,
and poor farming practices; soil salinity rising due to the use
of poor quality water; desertification; clearing for agricultural
purposes threatens the natural habitat of many unique animal and
plant species; the Great Barrier Reef off the northeast coast, the
largest coral reef in the world, is threatened by increased shipping
and its popularity as a tourist site; limited natural fresh water
resources |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands,
Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol |
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Geography - note:
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world's smallest continent but sixth-largest country; population
concentrated along the eastern and southeastern coasts; regular,
tropical, invigorating, sea breeze known as "the Doctor" occurs
along the west coast in the summer
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Population:
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19,731,984 (July 2003 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 20.2% (male 2,045,783; female 1,949,864)
15-64 years: 67.1% (male 6,680,531; female 6,553,141)
65 years and over: 12.7% (male 1,099,275; female 1,403,390)
(2003 est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 36 years
male: 35.2 years
female: 36.8 years (2002) |
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Population growth rate:
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0.93% (2003 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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12.55 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Death rate:
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7.31 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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4.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2003 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 4.83 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
male: 5.23 deaths/1,000 live births |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 80.13 years
male: 77.27 years
female: 83.13 years (2003 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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1.76 children born/woman (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.1% (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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12,000 (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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less than 100 (2001 est.) |
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Nationality:
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noun: Australian(s)
adjective: Australian |
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Ethnic groups:
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Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1% |
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Religions:
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Anglican 26.1%, Roman Catholic 26%, other Christian 24.3%, non-Christian
11%, other 12.6% |
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Languages:
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English, native languages |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100% (1980 est.)
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Commonwealth of Australia
conventional short form: Australia |
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Government type:
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democratic, federal-state system recognizing the British monarch
as sovereign |
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Capital:
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Canberra |
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Administrative divisions:
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6 states and 2 territories*; Australian Capital Territory*, New
South Wales, Northern Territory*, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania,
Victoria, Western Australia |
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Dependent areas:
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Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands,
Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island
|
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Independence:
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1 January 1901 (federation of UK colonies) |
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National holiday:
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Australia Day, 26 January (1788) |
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Constitution:
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9 July 1900, effective 1 January 1901 |
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Legal system:
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based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal and compulsory |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: Queen of Australia ELIZABETH II (since 6
February 1952), represented by Governor General Maj. Gen. (Ret.)
Michael JEFFREY (since 11 August 2003)
head of government: Prime Minister John Winston HOWARD (since
11 March 1996); Deputy Prime Minister John ANDERSON Deputy Prime
Minister John ANDERSON (since 20 July 1999)
cabinet: Parliament nominates and selects, from among its
members, a list of candidates to serve as government ministers;
from this list, the governor general swears in the final selections
for the Cabinet
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general
appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister;
following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party
or leader of a majority coalition is sworn in as prime minister
by the governor general
note: government coalition - Liberal Party and National Party
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral Federal Parliament consists of the Senate (76 seats -
12 from each of the six states and two from each of the two mainland
territories; one-half of the members elected every three years by
popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives
(150 seats - this is up from 148 seats in 2001 election; members
elected by popular vote on the basis of preferential representation
to serve three-year terms; no state can have fewer than five representatives)
elections: Senate - last held 10 November 2001 (next to be
held by February 2005); House of Representatives - last held 10
November 2001 (next to be held by February 2005)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 35, Australian
Labor Party 28, Australian Democrats 8, Green Party 2, One Nation
Party 1, Country Labor Party 1, independent 1; House of Representatives
- percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Liberal Party-National
Party coalition 82, Australian Labor Party 65, independent and other
3 |
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Judicial branch:
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High Court (the chief justice and six other justices are appointed
by the governor general) |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Australian Democrats [Andrew BARTLETT]; Australian Labor Party [Mark
LATHAM]; Australian Progressive Alliance [Meg LEES]; Country Labor
Party [leader NA]; Australian Greens [Bob BROWN]; Liberal Party
[John Winston HOWARD]; The Nationals [John ANDERSON]; One Nation
Party [Len HARRIS] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Australian Monarchist League [leader NA]; Australian Republican
Movement [leader NA] |
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International organization participation:
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ANZUS, APEC, ARF (dialogue partner), AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner),
Australia Group, BIS, C, CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM (guest), NEA, NSG, OECD,
OPCW, PCA, Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNMEE,
UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO, ZC |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Michael J. THAWLEY
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Los Angeles,
New York, and San Francisco
FAX: [1] (202) 797-3168
telephone: [1] (202) 797-3000
chancery: 1601 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador J. Thomas SCHIEFFER
embassy: Moonah Place, Yarralumla, Canberra, Australian Capital
Territory 2600
mailing address: APO AP 96549
telephone: [61] (02) 6214-5600
FAX: [61] (02) 6214-5970
consulate(s) general: Melbourne, Perth, Sydney |
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Flag description:
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blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and
a large seven-pointed star in the lower hoist-side quadrant known
as the Commonwealth Star, representing the federation of the colonies
of Australia in 1901; the star depicts one point for each of the
six original states and one representing all of Australia's internal
and external territories; the remaining half is a representation
of the Southern Cross constellation in white with one small five-pointed
star and four larger, seven-pointed stars
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Economy - overview:
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Australia has a prosperous Western-style capitalist economy, with
a per capita GDP on par with the four dominant West European economies.
Rising output in the domestic economy has been offsetting the global
slump, and business and consumer confidence remains robust. Australia's
emphasis on reforms is another key factor behind the economy's strength.
The stagnant economic conditions in major export partners and the
impact of the worst drought in 100 years cast a shadow over prospects
for 2003. |
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GDP:
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purchasing power parity - $525.5 billion (2002 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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3.6% (2002 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $26,900 (2002 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 3%
industry: 26%
services: 71% (2001 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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NA% |
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Household income or consumption by percentage
share:
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lowest 10%: 2%
highest 10%: 25.4% (1994) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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35.2 (1994) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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2.8% (2002 est.) |
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Labor force:
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9.2 million (37256) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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services 73%, industry 22%, agriculture 5% (1997 est.) |
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Unemployment rate:
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6.3% (2002) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $86.8 billion
expenditures: $84.1 billion, including capital expenditures
of $NA (FY 00/01 est.) |
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Industries:
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mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing,
chemicals, steel |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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4.3% (2002 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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198.2 billion kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 90.8%
hydro: 8.3%
other: 0.9% (2001)
nuclear: 0% |
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Electricity - consumption:
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184.4 billion kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2001) |
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Oil - production:
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731,000 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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796,500 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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523,400 bbl/day (2001) |
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Oil - imports:
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530,800 bbl/day (2001) |
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Oil - proved reserves:
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3.664 billion bbl (37257) |
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Natural gas - production:
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33.08 billion cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption:
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23.33 billion cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - exports:
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9.744 billion cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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2.407 trillion cu m (37257) |
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Agriculture - products:
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wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits; cattle, sheep, poultry |
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Exports:
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$66.3 billion (2002 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, iron ore, wheat, machinery and
transport equipment |
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Exports - partners:
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Japan 18.5%, US 9.6%, South Korea 8.3%, China 6.9%, New Zealand
6.5%, UK 4.7%, Singapore 4.1%, Taiwan 4% (2002) |
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Imports:
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$68 billion (2002 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines,
telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and petroleum products
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Imports - partners:
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US 18.3%, Japan 12.3%, China 10.1%, Germany 5.7%, UK 4.6% (2002)
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Debt - external:
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$176.8 billion (yearend 2002 est.) |
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Economic aid - donor:
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ODA, $894 million (FY 99/00) |
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Currency:
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Australian dollar (AUD) |
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Currency code:
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AUD |
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Exchange rates:
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Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.84 (2002), 1.93 (2001), 1.72
(2000), 1.55 (1999), 1.59 (1998) |
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Fiscal year:
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1 July - 30 June
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Railways:
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total: 41,588 km (4,612 km electrified)
broad gauge: 2,193 km 1.600-m gauge
narrow gauge: 15,456 km 1.067-m gauge
dual gauge: 291 km dual gauge (2002)
standard gauge: 23,648 km 1.435-m gauge |
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Highways:
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total: 811,603 km
paved: 314,090 km (including 18,619 km of expressways)
unpaved: 497,513 km (1999 est.) |
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Waterways:
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8,368 km (mainly used by small, shallow-draft craft) |
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Pipelines:
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condensate 36 km; condensate/gas 243 km; gas 27,321 km; liquid petroleum
gas 240 km; oil 4,779 km; oil/gas/water 104 km; water 40 km (2003)
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Ports and harbors:
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Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Devonport (Tasmania), Fremantle,
Geelong, Hobart (Tasmania), Launceston (Tasmania), Mackay, Melbourne,
Sydney, Townsville |
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Merchant marine:
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total: 51 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,415,810 GRT/1,806,554
DWT
note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as
a flag of convenience: France 2, UK 2, US 14 (2002 est.)
ships by type: bulk 20, cargo 6, chemical tanker 3, combination
bulk 1, container 2, liquefied gas 4, passenger 2, petroleum tanker
7, roll on/roll off 6 |
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Airports:
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444 (2002) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 294
over 3,047 m: 10
2,438 to 3,047 m: 11
1,524 to 2,437 m: 126
914 to 1,523 m: 134
under 914 m: 13 (2002) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 150
1,524 to 2,437 m: 20
914 to 1,523 m: 116
under 914 m: 14 (2002)
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This page was last updated on 18 December,
2003
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