Legend:  Definition
 Field
Listing  Rank
Order
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Background:
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Afghanistan's recent history is characterized by war and civil unrest.
The Soviet Union invaded in 1979, but was forced to withdraw 10
years later by anti-Communist mujahidin forces supplied and trained
by the US, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and others. Fighting subsequently
continued among the various mujahidin factions, giving rise to a
state of warlordism that eventually spawned the Taliban. Backed
by foreign sponsors, the Taliban developed as a political force
and eventually seized power. The Taliban were able to capture most
of the country, aside from Northern Alliance strongholds primarily
in the northeast, until US and allied military action in support
of the opposition following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks
forced the group's downfall. In late 2001, major leaders from the
Afghan opposition groups and diaspora met in Bonn, Germany, and
agreed on a plan for the formulation of a new government structure
that resulted in the inauguration of Hamid KARZAI as Chairman of
the Afghan Interim Authority (AIA) on 22 December 2001. The AIA
held a nationwide Loya Jirga (Grand Assembly) in June 2002, and
KARZAI was elected President by secret ballot of the Transitional
Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA). The Transitional Authority
has an 18-month mandate to hold a nationwide Loya Jirga to adopt
a constitution and a 24-month mandate to hold nationwide elections.
In December 2002, the TISA marked the one-year anniversary of the
fall of the Taliban. In addition to occasionally violent political
jockeying and ongoing military action to root out remaining terrorists
and Taliban elements, the country suffers from enormous poverty,
a crumbling infrastructure, and widespread land mines. |
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Location:
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Southern Asia, north and west of Pakistan, east of Iran |
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Geographic coordinates:
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33 00 N, 65 00 E |
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Map references:
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Asia |
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Area:
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total: 647,500 sq km
water: 0 sq km
land: 647,500 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than Texas |
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Land boundaries:
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total: 5,529 km
border countries: China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430
km, Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km
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Coastline:
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0 km (landlocked) |
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Maritime claims:
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none (landlocked) |
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Climate:
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arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers |
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Terrain:
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mostly rugged mountains; plains in north and southwest |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m
highest point: Nowshak 7,485 m |
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Natural resources:
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natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur,
lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones |
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Land use:
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arable land: 12.13%
permanent crops: 0.22%
other: 87.65% (1998 est.) |
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Irrigated land:
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23,860 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
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damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts
|
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Environment - current issues:
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limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate supplies of potable
water; soil degradation; overgrazing; deforestation (much of the
remaining forests are being cut down for fuel and building materials);
desertification; air and water pollution |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban
signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation |
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Geography - note:
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landlocked; the Hindu Kush mountains that run northeast to southwest
divide the northern provinces from the rest of the country; the
highest peaks are in the northern Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor)
|
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Population:
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28,717,213 (July 2003 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 41.8% (male 6,123,971; female 5,868,013)
15-64 years: 55.4% (male 8,240,743; female 7,671,242)
65 years and over: 2.8% (male 427,710; female 385,534) (2003
est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 18.9 years
male: 19.1 years
female: 18.7 years (2002) |
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Population growth rate:
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3.38%
note: this rate does not take into consideration the recent
war and its continuing impact (2003 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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40.63 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Death rate:
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17.15 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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10.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.11 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2003 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 142.48 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 138.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
male: 145.99 deaths/1,000 live births |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 46.97 years
male: 47.67 years
female: 46.23 years (2003 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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5.64 children born/woman (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.01% (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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NA |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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NA |
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Nationality:
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noun: Afghan(s)
adjective: Afghan |
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Ethnic groups:
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Pashtun 44%, Tajik 25%, Hazara 10%, minor ethnic groups (Aimaks,
Turkmen, Baloch, and others) 13%, Uzbek 8% |
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Religions:
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Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi'a Muslim 15%, other 1% |
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Languages:
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Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily
Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and
Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
female: 21% (1999 est.)
total population: 36%
male: 51% |
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People - note:
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large numbers of Afghan refugees create burdens on neighboring states
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
conventional short form: Afghanistan
local short form: Afghanestan
former: Republic of Afghanistan
local long form: Dowlat-e Eslami-ye Afghanestan |
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Government type:
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transitional |
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Capital:
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Kabul |
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Administrative divisions:
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32 provinces (velayat, singular - velayat); Badakhshan, Badghis,
Baghlan, Balkh, Bamian, Farah, Faryab, Ghazni, Ghowr, Helmand, Herat,
Jowzjan, Kabol, Kandahar, Kapisa, Khowst, Konar, Kondoz, Laghman,
Lowgar, Nangarhar, Nimruz, Nurestan, Oruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Parvan,
Samangan, Sar-e Pol, Takhar, Vardak, and Zabol |
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Independence:
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19 August 1919 (from UK control over Afghan foreign affairs) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 19 August (1919) |
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Constitution:
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the Bonn Agreement called for a Loya Jirga (Grand Council) to be
convened within 18 months of the establishment of the Transitional
Authority to draft a new constitution for the country; the basis
for the next constitution is the 1964 Constitution, according to
the Bonn Agreement |
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Legal system:
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the Bonn Agreement calls for a judicial commission to rebuild the
justice system in accordance with Islamic principles, international
standards, the rule of law, and Afghan legal traditions |
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Suffrage:
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NA; previously males 15-50 years of age |
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Executive branch:
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note: following the Taliban's refusal to hand over Usama bin LADIN
to the US for his suspected involvement in the 11 September 2001
terrorist attacks in the US, a US-led international coalition was
formed; after several weeks of aerial bombardment by coalition forces
and military action on the ground, including Afghan opposition forces,
the Taliban was ousted from power on 17 November 2001; in December
2001, a number of prominent Afghans met under UN auspices in Bonn,
Germany, to decide on a plan for governing the country; as a result,
the Afghan Interim Authority (AIA) - made up of 30 members, headed
by a chairman - was inaugurated on 22 December 2001 with a six-month
mandate to be followed by a two-year Transitional Authority (TA),
after which elections are to be held; the structure of the follow-on
TA was announced on 10 June 2002, when the Loya Jirga (Grand Assembly)
convened establishing the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
(TISA), which has 18 months to hold a Loya Jirga to adopt a constitution
and 24 months to hold nationwide elections
chief of state: President of the TISA, Hamid KARZAI (since
10 June 2002); note - presently the president and head of government
head of government: President of the TISA, Hamid KARZAI (since
10 June 2002); note - presently the president and head of government
cabinet: the 30-member TISA
elections: nationwide elections are to be held by June 2004,
according to the Bonn Agreement |
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Legislative branch:
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nonfunctioning as of June 1993 |
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Judicial branch:
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the Bonn Agreement called for the establishment of a Supreme Court;
there is also a Minister of Justice |
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Political parties and leaders:
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NA; note - political parties in Afghanistan are in flux and many
prominent players have plans to create new parties; the Transitional
Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA) is headed by President Hamid
KARZAI; the TISA is a coalition government formed of leaders from
across the Afghan political spectrum; there are also several political
factions not holding positions in the Transitional government that
are forming new groups and parties in the hopes of participating
in 2004 elections |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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NA; note - ministries formed under the Transitional Islamic State
of Afghanistan (TISA) include former influential Afghans, diaspora
members, and former political leaders |
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International organization participation:
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AsDB, CP, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GUUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt,
ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOM (observer),
ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WToO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: ambassador Seyyed Tayeb JAWAD
chancery: 2341 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
FAX: 202-483-6487
consulate(s) general: New York
telephone: 202-483-6410 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Robert Patrick John FINN; note
- embassy in Kabul reopened 16 December 2001, following closure
in January 1989
embassy: Great Masood Road, Kabul
mailing address: 6180 Kabul Place, Dulles, VA 20189-6180
telephone: [93] (2) 290002, 290005, 290154
FAX: 00932290153 |
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Flag description:
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three equal vertical bands of black (hoist), red, and green, with
a gold emblem centered on the red band; the emblem features a temple-like
structure encircled by a wreath on the left and right and by a bold
Islamic inscription above
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Economy - overview:
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Afghanistan is an extremely poor, landlocked country, highly dependent
on foreign aid, farming and livestock raising (sheep and goats),
and trade with neighboring countries. Economic considerations have
played second fiddle to political and military upheavals during
more than two decades of war, including the nearly 10-year Soviet
military occupation (which ended 15 February 1989). During that
conflict, one-third of the population fled the country, with Pakistan
and Iran sheltering a combined peak of 4 to 6 million refugees.
Gross domestic product has fallen substantially over the past 20
years because of the loss of labor and capital and the disruption
of trade and transport; severe drought added to the nation's difficulties
in 1998-2002. The majority of the population continues to suffer
from insufficient food, clothing, housing, and medical care, and
a dearth of jobs, problems exacerbated by political uncertainties
and the general level of lawlessness. International efforts to rebuild
Afghanistan were addressed at the Tokyo Donors Conference for Afghan
Reconstruction in January 2002, when $4.5 billion was pledged, $1.7
billion for 2002. Of that approximately $900 million was directed
to humanitarian aid - food, clothing, and shelter - and another
$90 million for the Afghan Transitional Authority. Further World
Bank and other aid came in 2003. Priority areas for reconstruction
include upgrading education, health, and sanitation facilities;
providing income generating opportunities; enhancing administrative
and security arrangements, especially in regional areas; developing
the agricultural sector; rebuilding transportation, energy, and
telecommunication infrastructure; and reabsorbing 2 million returning
refugees. The replacement of the opium trade - which may account
for one-third of GDP - and the search for oil and gas resources
in the northern region are two major long-term issues. |
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GDP:
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purchasing power parity - $19 billion (2002 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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NA% |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $700 (2002 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 60%
industry: 20%
services: 20% (1990 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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NA% |
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Household income or consumption by percentage
share:
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lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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NA% |
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Labor force:
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10 million (2000 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 80%, industry 10%, services 10% (1990 est.) |
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Unemployment rate:
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NA% |
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Budget:
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revenues: $200 million
expenditures: $550 million, including capital expenditures
of $NA (2003 plan est.) |
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Industries:
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small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer,
cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, coal, copper |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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NA% |
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Electricity - production:
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334.8 million kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 36.3%
hydro: 63.7%
other: 0% (2001)
nuclear: 0% |
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Electricity - consumption:
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511.4 million kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2001) |
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Electricity - imports:
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200 million kWh (2001) |
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Oil - production:
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0 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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3,500 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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NA (2001) |
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Oil - imports:
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NA (2001) |
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Oil - proved reserves:
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0 bbl (37257) |
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Natural gas - production:
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220 million cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption:
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220 million cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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49.98 billion cu m (37257) |
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Agriculture - products:
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opium, wheat, fruits, nuts, wool, mutton, sheepskins, lambskins
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Exports:
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$1.2 billion (not including illicit exports) (2001 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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opium, fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides and
pelts, precious and semi-precious gems |
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Exports - partners:
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Pakistan 26.8%, India 26.5%, Finland 5.8%, Germany 5.1%, UAE 4.4%,
Belgium 4.3%, Russia 4.2%, US 4.2% (2002) |
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Imports:
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$1.3 billion (2001 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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capital goods, food, textiles, petroleum products |
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Imports - partners:
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Pakistan 25.1%, South Korea 14.4%, Japan 9.4%, US 9%, Kenya 5.8%,
Germany 5.4% (2002) |
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Debt - external:
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NA (1996 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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international pledges made by more than 60 countries and international
financial institutions at the Tokyo Donors Conference for Afghan
reconstruction in January 2002 reached $4.5 billion through 2006,
with $1.8 billion allocated for 2002; another $1.7 billion was pledged
for 2003. |
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Currency:
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afghani (AFA) |
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Currency code:
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AFA |
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Exchange rates:
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afghanis per US dollar - 3,000 (October-December 2002), 3,000 (2001),
3,000 (2000), 3,000 (1999), 3,000 (1998), note: before 2002 the
market rate varied widely from the official rate; in 2002 the afghani
was revalued and the currency stabilized |
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Fiscal year:
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21 March - 20 March
|
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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29,000 (1998) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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NA |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: very limited telephone and telegraph
service
domestic: in 1997, telecommunications links were established
between Mazar-e Sharif, Herat, Kandahar, Jalalabad, and Kabul through
satellite and microwave systems
international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian
Ocean) linked only to Iran and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region);
commercial satellite telephone center in Ghazni |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 7 (6 are inactive; the active station is in Kabul), FM 1, shortwave
1 (broadcasts in Pashtu, Afghan Persian (Dari), Urdu, and English)
(1999) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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at least 10 (one government-run central television station in Kabul
and regional stations in nine of the 32 provinces; the regional
stations operate on a reduced schedule; also, in 1997, there was
a station in Mazar-e Sharif reaching four northern Afghanistan provinces)
(1998) |
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Internet country code:
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.af |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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1 (2000) |
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Internet users:
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NA
|
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Railways:
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total: 24.6 km
broad gauge: 9.6 km 1.524-m gauge from Gushgy (Turkmenistan)
to Towraghondi; 15 km 1.524-m gauge from Termiz (Uzbekistan) to
Kheyrabad transshipment point on south bank of Amu Darya (2001)
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Highways:
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total: 21,000 km
paved: 2,793 km
unpaved: 18,207 km (1999 est.) |
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Waterways:
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1,200 km
note: chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels up to 500
DWT (2001) |
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Pipelines:
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gas 651 km (2003) |
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Ports and harbors:
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Kheyrabad, Shir Khan |
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Airports:
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47 (2002) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 10
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
under 914 m: 1 (2002)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 37
under 914 m: 11 (2002)
914 to 1,523 m: 4
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14 |
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Heliports:
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5 (2002)
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This page was last updated on 18 December,
2003
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